神马作文网求逻辑学英文翻译请翻译以下文本.感谢!One type of inductive argument concludes
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求逻辑学英文翻译
请翻译以下文本.感谢!
One type of inductive argument concludes with a hypothesis that one thing causes another. This conclusion has the form, “x causes y.” Suppose I sneak up on a little girl who is solemnly reading {War and Peace.} Suppose, further, that I tickle her without mercy, and that she immediately begins to giggle, and giggles all the while. If I conclude that “the tickling causes the giggling,” then I am implying three things.
1. X OCCURS EARLIER THAN Y. The tickle comes first, the giggle second.
NOTE: We must be careful not to assume that just because x happens earlier than y, x causes y. To do so is to commit the fallacy of Post Hoc E,go Propter Hoc. If, for instance, I’ve had a chronic cough which cleared up on the day that the space shuttle was launched. It would be a mistake to assume that the launch cured my cough.
2. X IS A SUFFICIENT CONDITION FOR Y. Tickling the little girl was all I had to do to make her giggle. And when I did tickle her she giggled.
3. X IS A NECESSARY CONDITION FOR Y. In cases like this, tickling is necessary for the giggling to occur.
请翻译以下文本.感谢!
One type of inductive argument concludes with a hypothesis that one thing causes another. This conclusion has the form, “x causes y.” Suppose I sneak up on a little girl who is solemnly reading {War and Peace.} Suppose, further, that I tickle her without mercy, and that she immediately begins to giggle, and giggles all the while. If I conclude that “the tickling causes the giggling,” then I am implying three things.
1. X OCCURS EARLIER THAN Y. The tickle comes first, the giggle second.
NOTE: We must be careful not to assume that just because x happens earlier than y, x causes y. To do so is to commit the fallacy of Post Hoc E,go Propter Hoc. If, for instance, I’ve had a chronic cough which cleared up on the day that the space shuttle was launched. It would be a mistake to assume that the launch cured my cough.
2. X IS A SUFFICIENT CONDITION FOR Y. Tickling the little girl was all I had to do to make her giggle. And when I did tickle her she giggled.
3. X IS A NECESSARY CONDITION FOR Y. In cases like this, tickling is necessary for the giggling to occur.
有一种归纳论证方法,它可以由一个动作导致另一个动作的发生而得出结论
结论的公式为“X导致了Y”假设我偷偷观察一个正在看《战争与和平》的女孩,并
悄悄地使劲挠她痒痒,她立刻会发笑,笑个不停.如果得出结论“挠痒导致发笑”,那么
就意味着以下3个结论：
1.X的发生早于Y.挠痒先这个动作发生,笑这个动作随后发生.
注意：认为“X导致了Y”,仅仅是因为“X发生在先,Y发生在后”是错误的.不可以犯 Post Hoc E,go Propter Hoc
的错误.比如：宇宙飞船发射的那天,折磨我长期的咳嗽终于痊愈了；.推断飞船的发射是我咳凑痊愈的原因是
错误的
2.X是Y的充分条件.挠痒是我让她发笑所必须做的,且挠痒后她笑的
3.X是Y的必要条件.理由同上,挠痒对于发笑来说是必须发生的动作
结论的公式为“X导致了Y”假设我偷偷观察一个正在看《战争与和平》的女孩,并
悄悄地使劲挠她痒痒,她立刻会发笑,笑个不停.如果得出结论“挠痒导致发笑”,那么
就意味着以下3个结论：
1.X的发生早于Y.挠痒先这个动作发生,笑这个动作随后发生.
注意：认为“X导致了Y”,仅仅是因为“X发生在先,Y发生在后”是错误的.不可以犯 Post Hoc E,go Propter Hoc
的错误.比如：宇宙飞船发射的那天,折磨我长期的咳嗽终于痊愈了；.推断飞船的发射是我咳凑痊愈的原因是
错误的
2.X是Y的充分条件.挠痒是我让她发笑所必须做的,且挠痒后她笑的
3.X是Y的必要条件.理由同上,挠痒对于发笑来说是必须发生的动作
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