英语翻译Thirty years ago,when Jake Mezirow (1978) first introduc

英语翻译
Thirty years ago,when Jake Mezirow (1978) first introduced a theory of adult learning,it helped explain how adult changed the way they interpreted their world.This theory of transformative learning is considered uniquely adult-that is ,grounded in human communication ,where “learning is understood as the process of using a prior interpretation to construe a new or revised interpretation of the meaning of one’s experience in order to guide future action”(mezirow,1996,p.162).The transformative process is formed and circumscribed by a frame of reference.Frames of reference are structures of assumptions and experiences that frame an individual’s tacit points of view and influence their thinking,beliefs,and actions.It is the revision of a frame of reference in concert with reflection on experience that is addressed by the theory of perspective transformation-a paradigmatic shift.A perspective transformation leads to “a more fully developed (more functional)frame of reference…one that is more (a)inclusive,(b)differentiating ,(c)permeable,(d)critically reflective,and(e)integrative of experience” (mezirow,1996,p.163).A perspective transformation often occurs either through a series of cumulative transformed meaning schemes or as a result of an acute personal or social crisis ,for example,a natural disaster ,the death of a significant other,divorce,a debilitating accident ,war,job loss,or retirement.These experiences are often stressful and painful,and they can cause individual to question the very core of their existence (mezirow,1997).An example of a perspective transformation is illustrated by Marie Claire,an American,who describes her experience of moving to Switzerland for a number of years:

30年前,当Jake Mezirow（1978）第一次介绍关于成人教育的理论,解释了成年人是如何去改变他们对这个世界的解读方式的.迁移学习的理论被特殊地冠给成年人,常用于人们的交流中,”学习被理解成 运用先前的认知来分析新的或者被改进的那些已经称为指导未来行动的经验“(mezirow,1996,p.162)迁移的过程是由参考的框架行程并约束着的.所谓的参考框架就是些假设或者经验,引导人去观察并且影响他们思考,信仰和行为.参考框架跟经验相一致的改进之后的 观点的转变 一种范例的变更.观点的转变导致 参考框架更完全的发展（更有效的）,“一种更加(a)兼容的(b)可辨的(c)有渗透性的(d)客观性的 反映,还有(e)综合起来的经验.”(mezirow,1996,p.163)观点的转变经常在通过一系列累积的转化方案或者尖锐的个人或社会危机后发生,比如,自然灾害,重要亲人的死亡,离婚,意外事故,战争,失业或者退休.这些经验是沉重的,令人痛苦的,它们会让人质疑存在的核心意义是什么(mezirow,1997).Marie Claire来自美国,阐述了她搬到瑞士若干年来的经验,同时也是在叙述一个观点转变的例子,