__________________________________初二英语

__________________________________初二英语
1.总结现在完成时的用法,重要的知识点要涉及到,有例句
2.other,others,the other,the others,another的区别和用法,例句
3.关于词性,一直搞不清 最好全面的说一下

现在完成时的用法
have(has)+过去分词(done)
1.现在完成时用来表示现在之前已发生过或完成的动作或状态,但其结果却和现在有联系,也就是说,动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在.
I have lost my wallet.(含义是:现在我没有钱花了.)
Jane has laid the table.(含义是:已可以吃饭了.)
Michael has been ill.(含义是:现在仍然很虚弱)
He has returned from abroad. (含义是:现在已在此地)
2. 现在完成时可以用来表示发生在过去某一时刻的,持续到现在的情况,常与for,since连用.
Mary has been ill for three days.
I have lived here since 1998.
3. 现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用,如already, yet, just, before, recently, lately等:
He has already obtained a scholarship.
I haven't seen much of him recently (lately).
We have seen that film before.
Have they found the missing child yet
4. 现在完成时常常与表示频度的时间状语连用,如often, sometimes, ever, never, twice, on several occasion等:
Have you ever been to Beijing
I have never heard Bunny say anything against her.
I have used this pen only three times. It is still good.
George has met that gentleman on several occasions.
5. 现在完成时还往往可以同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用,如now, up to these few days/weeks/months/years, this morning/week/month/year, now, just, today, up to present, so far等:
Peter has written six papers so far.
Man has now learned to release energy from the nucleus of the atom.
There has bee too much rain in San Francisco this year.
The friendly relations and cooperation between our two countries have been enhanced in the past few years.
Up to the present everything has been successful.
6. 现在完成时表示现在之前业已完成的动作,虽然其效果或影响仍然存在但已不再继续,但是有一些现在完成时的句子,在后面加上for+一段时间,则现在完成时的动作就表示延续性.
Thomas has studied Russian. (现在不再学俄语)
Thomas has studied Russian for three years. (=Thomas began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.(同第2点用法第一个例句)
7. 现在完成时还可以用来表示过去的一个时间到现在这段时间内重复发生的动作.
We have had four texts this semester.

现在完成时的“完成用法”和“未完成用法”
1.现在完成时的"完成用法"
现在完成时的"完成用法"指的是动作发生在过去某一时刻并已结束,但该动作对现在产生了影响,与现在情况具有因果关系.
例如：He has turned off the light.他已把灯关了.(动作结束于过去,但说明的是现在的情况--灯现在不亮了.)
现在完成时"完成用法"的特点是动作不延续,因此,该时态只能与表示不定的过去时间状语(如：already,yet,before,recently等)、频度时间状语(如：never,ever,once等)、包括现在时刻在内的时间状语(如：this morning ／ month ／year...,today等)连用.
例如： Have you found your pen yet?你已找到你的钢笔了吗?
2.现在完成时的"未完成用法"
现在完成时的"未完成用法"指的是动作开始于过去某一时刻,一直延续到现在,或可能还要继续下去.
例如：He has lived here since 1978.自从1978年以来,他一直住在这儿.(动作起始于1978年,一直住到现在,可能还要继续住下去.)
I have been in the army for more than 5 years.我在部队已经呆了五年多了.(动作开始于5年前,一直延续至今,有可能还要继续下去.)
此种用法的句中常需一个表示一段时间的状语(由since或for引导),或表示与现在时刻相连的时间状语(如：up to now,so far)等.
例如：I have heard nothing from him up to now.到目前为止我没有他的任何消息.
注意：(1)现在完成时的未完成用法只适用于延续性动词,不可用于终止性动词,即瞬间完成或延续时间很短的动词.如：come,go,arrive,leave,join,become,die等.
(2)现在完成时常见两种句型：
①主语＋have / has been＋for短语
②It is＋一段时间＋ since从句
例如：He has been in the League for three years.或It is three years since he joined the League. 他入团已三年了
一.have/has been doing sth.
1.现在完成进行时
当后面接有一段时间的词时,或是加表示时间的词时,可以用现在完成时.如果这件事现在还在持续或还在做,则可用
现在完成进行时.
如:I have been skating for 4 hours.
I have finished my homework.
2.现在完成时的被动语态.
后接动词的过去分词.
如:The building has been built for 5 years.
二.一般现在时:用动词原形
一般过去时:用动词的过去式
一般将来时:will/shall+do
is/am/are going to do
过去将来时:could/would do
现在完成时:have/has done
过去完成时:had done
将来完成时:shall have done
过去将来完成时:would/could have done
现在进行时:is/am/are doing
过去进行时:was/were doing
将来进行时:will/shall be doing
过去将来进行时:would/could be doing
现在完成进行时:have/has been doing
过去完成进行时:had been doing
将来完成进行时:shall have been doing
过去将来完成进行时:would have been doing
2.
other及其变化形式在初中教材中多次出现,而且它的变化形式很多,有以下几种：the other, others, the others, another 等.它们的用法现归纳如下；
1.other可作形容词或代词,做形容词时,意思是“别的,其他”,泛指“其他的（人或物）”.如：
Do you have any other question(s)?
你还有其他问题吗?
Ask some other people.
问问别人吧!
Put it in your other hand.
把它放在你另一只手里.
2.the other指两个人或物中的一个时,只能用the other,不能用another,此时的other作代词.如：
He has two daughters. One is a nurse, the other is a worker.
他有两个女儿,一个是护士,另一个是工人.
the other后可加单数名词,也可加复数名词,此时的other作形容词.如：
On the other side of the street,there is a tall tree.
在街道的另一边,有一棵大树.
Mary is much taller than the other girls.
玛丽比其他的女孩高得多.
He lives on the other side of the river.
他住在河的对岸.
3.others是other的复数形式,泛指“另外几个”,“其余的”.在句中可作主语、宾语.如：
Some of us like singing and dancing, others go in for sports.
我们一些人喜欢唱歌和跳舞,其余的从事体育活动.
Give me some others, please.
请给我别的东西吧!
There are no others.
没有别的了.
4.the others意思是“其他东西,其余的人”.特指某一范围内的“其他的（人或物）”.是the other的复数形式.如：
Two boys will go to the zoo, and the others will stay at home.
两个男孩将去动物园,其余的留在家里.
the others=the other +复数名词,这在第2条中已经有所介绍.
5.another=an+ other,既可作形容词,也可作代词,只能用于三个或更多的人或物,泛指同类事物中的三者或三者以上的“另一个”,只能代替或修饰单数可数名词.如：
I don’t like this one. Please show me another.
我不喜欢这一个,请给我看看另一个.
I have three daughters. One is a nurse, another is a teacher and another is a worker.
我有三个女儿.一个是护士,另一个是教师,还有一个是工人
参考资料：http://zhidao.baidu.com/question/43172230.html?fr=qrl
3.
adj. / a. 形容词
用来描述一类物质的性质,状态,外貌,
或人的性格特点,性质,品格
如:big,happy
adv. / ad. 副词
用来修饰动作或形容词,一般在句子中做状语用
表示动作的进行怎样,或表示程度,特点,
如:clearly,happily
prep. 介词
连接地点,时间的一类词语,可以表示方位,时间.跟一些表示时间,地点的词连用表示介词词组
如:in,to,on,under
conj. 连词
用来连接时间,地点,原因,结果的一类词语
如:when,beacuse,so
num. 数词
表示数字的词,既可以是基数词,也可以是序数词
如:one,two,first
int. 感叹词
表示感叹的一类词,一般不加一解释,只代表感叹
如:what,how,haurray
vt. 及物动词（后面要加宾语）
行为动作的词
如:do,finish,play
vi. 不及物动词（后面不加宾语）
表示行为动作的词
如:appear
n. 名词
表示物体,物质的词
如:pig,cow,man
pron. 代词
代指一类人,事或物的词
如:he,she,hers,his,things,