英语翻译Reading to oneself is a modern activity which was almost

英语翻译
Reading to oneself is a modern activity which was almost unknown to the learned in the early days of the history,while during the fifteenth century the term "reading" undoubtedly meant reading aloud .Only during the nineteenth century did silent reading become popular.
　　One should be careful,however,of supposing that silent reading came about simply because reading aloud is distraction (分散注意力) to others.Examination of reasons connected with the historical development of silent reading shows that it became the usual mode of reading for most adult reading tasks mainly because the tasks themselves changed in character.
　　The last century saw a gradual increase in literacy (读写能力) and thus in the number of readers.As readers increased,so the number of listeners dropped,and thus there was some reduction in the need to read aloud.As reading for the benefit of listeners grew less common,so came the popularity of reading as a private activity in such public places as libraries,trains and offices,swheresreading aloud would disturb other readers in a way.
　　Towards the end of the century there was still heated argument over whether books should be used for information or treated respectfully,and over whether the reading of material such as newspapers was in some way mentally weakening.Indeed this argument remains with us still in education.However,whatever its ad vantages,the old shared literacy culture had gone and was replaced by the printed mass media (大众媒体) on the one hand and by books and magazines for a specialized readership on the other.
　　By the end of the century students were being advised to have some new ideas of books and to use skills in reading them which were not proper,if not impossible,for the oral reader.The social,cultural,and technological developments in the century had greatly changed what the term "reading" referred to.

阅读对自己是一个现代的活动,也是有学问的人几乎不为人所知的早期历史上,而在十五世纪的术语“阅读”无疑是指高声朗读.只有在十九世纪默读变得越来越受欢迎了.
一个人应该小心,然而,以为默读了只是因为大声朗读是分心(分散注意力)给别人.通过研究默读的原因及其与发展史,可以看到默读成为阅读的普遍方式的主要是由于大多数成人阅读任务的任务本身东西发生了变化.
过去的一个世纪看见一个逐渐提高,因此读写能力素质(数量)的读者.读者的数量增加,所以听众掉落在地上,并因此有一些降低需要朗读.因为大众失去了朗读给听者带来福音的普遍共识,所以来阅读的普及在这样一个私人活动的公共场所图书馆,火车上或者办公室那样,swheresreading大声地发出声音会影响到其它的读者.
到本世纪末激烈的争论仍没有“书籍是否应该仅被作为提供信息使用还是应该被恭敬地对待;是否阅读报纸之类的物质是在以某种方式弱化我们的精神”.事实上,这争论仍在教育仍然和我们在一起.然而,不管其广告好处而言,旧的共同文化素养已经不在了,取而代之的是印刷媒体(大众媒体);另一方面,通过对专业书籍和杂志的读者.
到本世纪末,老师建议学生们对书籍要有新的理解,并且要运用方法读书,不适当的,即使不是不可能,对口语的读者.随着社会、文化以及科学技术的不断发展,极大地改变了什么世纪“阅读”这一词语的提了.