神马作文网关于万圣节,圣诞节由来(中英文),
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关于万圣节,圣诞节由来(中英文),
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关于万圣节,圣诞节由来(中英文),请回打的人快点.过3小时后来看帖.
万圣节的由来
在西方国家,每年的十月三十一日,有个Halloween,辞典解释为 “The eve of All Saints'Day”,中文译作：万圣节之夜.
关于万圣节,人们或多或少都有了一定的感性认知：知道万圣节期 间,许多公共场所乃至居家院落,都会布置上很多装璜,诸如各式鬼怪 呀、南瓜灯呀、还有黑猫以及巫婆的扫帚之类；孩子们会穿上每年不一 样的万圣节服装,拎着南瓜灯的提篓去挨家挨户地讨糖,说是“trick or treak”.除此之外,你还想多知道一点吗?我们在此简单介绍一下 万圣节的由来与习俗.
一、万圣节的由来：
关于万圣节由来的,传说最多的版本认为,那是源于基督诞生前的古西欧国家,主要包括爱尔兰、苏格兰和威尔士.这几处的古西欧人叫德鲁伊特人.德鲁伊特的新年在十一月一日,新年前夜,德鲁伊特人让年轻人集队,戴着各种怪异面具,拎着刻好的萝卜灯（南瓜灯系后期习俗,古西欧最早没有南瓜）,他们游走于村落间.这在当时实则为一种秋收的庆典；也有说是“鬼节”,传说当年死去的人,灵魂会在万圣节的前夜造访人世,据说人们应该让造访的鬼魂看到圆满的收成并对鬼魂呈现出丰盛的款待.所有篝火及灯火,一来为了吓走鬼魂,同时也为鬼魂照亮路线,引导其回归.
在中世纪的中欧,曾有过基督教摧毁异教徒的历史.可是新年夜前的祭祀庆典从未真正消除,不过以巫术的形式出现.这也就是为什么我们现在的万圣节里,还留有巫婆的扫帚、黑猫、咒语等痕迹.
二、Halloween一词的产生：
很多民族都在万圣节前夜有庆典聚会,这又被叫做“All Hallow E'en”、“The Eve of All Hallows”、“Hallow e'en”,或者“The eve of All Saintas'Day”.最终约定俗成演变成了“Halloween”,中文意译成了万圣节之夜.
三、“Trick or treat”的传说：
孩子们今天着装挨家要糖的习俗,据说起源于爱尔兰.古西欧时候的爱尔兰异教徒们,相信在万圣节前夜鬼魂会群集于居家附近,并接受设宴款待.因而,在“宴会”结束后,村民们就自己扮成鬼魂精灵,游走村外,引导鬼魂离开,避邪免灾.于此同时,村民们也都注意在屋前院后的摆布些水果及其他食品,喂足鬼魂而不至于让它们伤害人类和动物或者掠夺其他收成.后来这习俗一直延续下来,就成了孩子们取笑不慷慨之家的玩笑.
至于南瓜灯也至少有两种说法.一种说是人挖空了南瓜又刻上鬼脸点上烛火用以驱散鬼魂的；另一种说是鬼魂点上的烛火,试图骗取人们上当而跟着鬼魂走,所以人们就在南瓜表面刻上一个嘲讽的脸面,用以调笑鬼魂：哼!傻瓜才会上你的当.传说因为首用南瓜的是一位爱尔兰人Jack,所以人们又将鬼脸南瓜灯叫做Jack-O-Lantern.
四、现在的万圣节
万圣节流传到今天已经完全没有了宗教迷信色彩,它成了一个孩子们的节目,也是年轻人化装舞会的节目.
社会对节日的活动也一直做着正面的引导：要求大人教育孩子们不做恐吓性的恶作剧,也要求大人带孩子一起出门（一般是大人架车停在路边,小孩去敲门讨糖）.大人应该要求孩子只许去门口有节日布置的并点了灯的人家,否则不去打扰.另外讨糖过程的始终必须站在大门口等待,不许进屋,讨回的糖也要交大人检查后才许吃.对接待孩子的人家也要求不给自家制作的食品也不给未包装的食品.
公共场合以及居家周围的节日布置都是自愿的.鬼脸南瓜灯、白网黑蜘蛛等,都是节日的装点,已全然没有骇人之鬼魅色彩.有的女学生还端端在这时候会买一对南瓜或者鬼骷髅的耳环来佩带.如果有哪家的布置做得过分恐怖了,会遭到有关方面的制止,媒体也会令其暴光,让公众指责.
万圣节的服装,也是万人万相,不是单调的大鬼小鬼了.有许多渠道教授人们如何制作万圣节服装.比如说制作最简单的鬼服就用一张白床单顶在头上,别忘了扣两个洞留出眼睛就是；若是要扮演魔术师,就穿上黑衣黑裤,再戴上黑礼帽,并在礼帽与头顶之间藏一只绒毛小兔备用；还教大人如何把孩子打扮成小天使,白衣白裤,再从背后怎么绑一个手电筒在头上；也有教如何把孩子打扮成他们喜欢的卡通形象的.当然服装、道具业的商人们,就更有文章可做了.
学校在万圣节是不放假的.有时学校出面组织晚会,有时不甘寂寞的学生们也会自己主办小型晚会；而朋友、家人间互寄贺卡祝万圣节快乐则成为每年十月间流行的习俗.如今网际网路的发达使得送万圣卡更为方便经济,有的网站还别出心裁地设计了各种具有声响动画效果的万圣卡,如：www.cardmaster.com等,免费让大家使用.
总之,万圣节已成为西方人一个很普通的季节性节日.有很多人将此看作秋的结束以及冬的到来.万圣节一过,人们就开始期盼感恩节、圣诞节乃至新年了.
HALLOWEEN HISTORY
The Celtic people, who lived more than 2000 years ago feared the evening of Oct. 31 more than any other day of the year. It was the eve of their festival of Samhain. Samhain was a joyful harvest festival that marked the death of the old year and the beginning of a new one. The day itself was a time for paying homage to the sun god Baal who had provided the people with the ripened grain for use in the upcoming winter. Come evening evil spirits were everywhere. Charms and spells were said to have more power on the eve of Samhain. Several rituals were performed by the Celtic priests, Druids, to appease the Lord of the Dead.
Christianity was born, and grew strong until in the fourth century after Christ, the Roman Empire Constantine declared it lawful. Within the Roman Empire, the Christian Fathers tried their hardest to stamp out all things pagan, which is what they named the older religions. However, the Celts held firmly to their Druid customs. So, the Christian church gave them new meanings and new names, and told the people that the fire rites they had previously held for the Lord of the Dead on Oct. 31 would now protect them from the Devil, the enemy of God. In the 7th century the church celebrated All Saint's Day in May, but by the 9th century the date had been changed to Nov. 1st. The original festival for the pagan Lord of the Dead became a festival of Christian dead. People went on expecting the arrival of ghosts on Oct. 31st. Another name for All Saint's Day was All Hallows' Even which was later shortened to Halloween. In the 10th century the church named Nov. 2nd as All Souls' Day in memory of all dead souls. Halloween, All Saints' Day, and All Souls' Day come so close together and are so similar that in some countries they tend to merge together.
The witch is a central symbol of Halloween. The name comes from the Saxon wica, meaning wise one. When setting out for a Sabbath, witches rubbed a sacred ointment onto their skin. This gave them a feeling of flying, and if they had been fasting they felt even giddier. Some witches rode on horseback, but poor witches went on foot and carried a broom or a pole to aid in vaulting over streams. In England when new witches was initiated they were often blindfolded, smeared with flying ointment and placed on a broomstick. The ointment would confuse the mind, speed up the pulse and numb the feet. When they were told "You are flying over land and sea," the witch took their word for it.
An Irish myth tells of a drunk named Stingy Jack, who one day invited the Devil to have a drink. He convinced the Devil to change into a sixpence in order to pay for the drink, but instead of paying for the drink he pocketed the sixpence beside a silver cross which prevented the Devil from changing back. Jack made a deal with the Devil before letting him free. For one year the Devil could not harrass Jack. Next Halloween the Devil met Jack again, and he tricked the Devil into climbing an apple tree for an apple but then cut the sign of a cross into the trunk of the tree preventing the devil from coming down. Jack forced the devil to swear he would never come after Jack's soul. The devil reluctantly agreed. And so Jack was left alone. Jack died within the year and was turned back from the Gates of Heaven because of his stingyness and drunkedness. He went to the Gates of Hell and the Devil told him to go away, as Jack had made him promise not to claim his soul. Jack didn't want to leave because it was dark and he couldn't find his way. The Devil tossed Jack a glowing coal and Jack put it inside a turnip, and ever since with this Jack-O'-Lantern, Jack has been roaming the faces of this earth.
Scottish children hollow out and carve large turnips and put candles in them. Irish children use turnips or potatoes. In parts of England they use large beets. When the Scotch and the Irish came to the US they found pumpkins, which of course make a perfect Jack-O'-Lantern.
From earliest times people wore masks when droughts or other disasters struck. They believed that the demons who had brought their misfortune upon them would become frightened off by the hideous masks. Even after the festival of Samhain had merged with Halloween, Europeans felt uneasy at this time of the year. Food was stored in preparation for the winter and the house was snug and warm. The cold, envious ghosts were outside, and people who went out after dark often wore masks and animal skins to keep from being recognized. Now, just by chance if you had forgotten to dress up or could not fool the evil spirits by dressing in animal skins or other disguises, there was another way to avoid them. People set out a TREAT of food and fruit, and provide the wandering spirit with shelter for the night. If the demon spirit was satisfied with your TREAT, it was believed that he would not TRICK you by casting a spell on you.
Until very recently children would dress up as ghosts and goblins to scare the neighbors, but there was no trick or treating. Around 40 years ago people began to offer treats to their costumed visitors. And that is the origin of trick-or-treating.
在西方国家,每年的十月三十一日,有个Halloween,辞典解释为 “The eve of All Saints'Day”,中文译作：万圣节之夜.
关于万圣节,人们或多或少都有了一定的感性认知：知道万圣节期 间,许多公共场所乃至居家院落,都会布置上很多装璜,诸如各式鬼怪 呀、南瓜灯呀、还有黑猫以及巫婆的扫帚之类；孩子们会穿上每年不一 样的万圣节服装,拎着南瓜灯的提篓去挨家挨户地讨糖,说是“trick or treak”.除此之外,你还想多知道一点吗?我们在此简单介绍一下 万圣节的由来与习俗.
一、万圣节的由来：
关于万圣节由来的,传说最多的版本认为,那是源于基督诞生前的古西欧国家,主要包括爱尔兰、苏格兰和威尔士.这几处的古西欧人叫德鲁伊特人.德鲁伊特的新年在十一月一日,新年前夜,德鲁伊特人让年轻人集队,戴着各种怪异面具,拎着刻好的萝卜灯（南瓜灯系后期习俗,古西欧最早没有南瓜）,他们游走于村落间.这在当时实则为一种秋收的庆典；也有说是“鬼节”,传说当年死去的人,灵魂会在万圣节的前夜造访人世,据说人们应该让造访的鬼魂看到圆满的收成并对鬼魂呈现出丰盛的款待.所有篝火及灯火,一来为了吓走鬼魂,同时也为鬼魂照亮路线,引导其回归.
在中世纪的中欧,曾有过基督教摧毁异教徒的历史.可是新年夜前的祭祀庆典从未真正消除,不过以巫术的形式出现.这也就是为什么我们现在的万圣节里,还留有巫婆的扫帚、黑猫、咒语等痕迹.
二、Halloween一词的产生：
很多民族都在万圣节前夜有庆典聚会,这又被叫做“All Hallow E'en”、“The Eve of All Hallows”、“Hallow e'en”,或者“The eve of All Saintas'Day”.最终约定俗成演变成了“Halloween”,中文意译成了万圣节之夜.
三、“Trick or treat”的传说：
孩子们今天着装挨家要糖的习俗,据说起源于爱尔兰.古西欧时候的爱尔兰异教徒们,相信在万圣节前夜鬼魂会群集于居家附近,并接受设宴款待.因而,在“宴会”结束后,村民们就自己扮成鬼魂精灵,游走村外,引导鬼魂离开,避邪免灾.于此同时,村民们也都注意在屋前院后的摆布些水果及其他食品,喂足鬼魂而不至于让它们伤害人类和动物或者掠夺其他收成.后来这习俗一直延续下来,就成了孩子们取笑不慷慨之家的玩笑.
至于南瓜灯也至少有两种说法.一种说是人挖空了南瓜又刻上鬼脸点上烛火用以驱散鬼魂的；另一种说是鬼魂点上的烛火,试图骗取人们上当而跟着鬼魂走,所以人们就在南瓜表面刻上一个嘲讽的脸面,用以调笑鬼魂：哼!傻瓜才会上你的当.传说因为首用南瓜的是一位爱尔兰人Jack,所以人们又将鬼脸南瓜灯叫做Jack-O-Lantern.
四、现在的万圣节
万圣节流传到今天已经完全没有了宗教迷信色彩,它成了一个孩子们的节目,也是年轻人化装舞会的节目.
社会对节日的活动也一直做着正面的引导：要求大人教育孩子们不做恐吓性的恶作剧,也要求大人带孩子一起出门（一般是大人架车停在路边,小孩去敲门讨糖）.大人应该要求孩子只许去门口有节日布置的并点了灯的人家,否则不去打扰.另外讨糖过程的始终必须站在大门口等待,不许进屋,讨回的糖也要交大人检查后才许吃.对接待孩子的人家也要求不给自家制作的食品也不给未包装的食品.
公共场合以及居家周围的节日布置都是自愿的.鬼脸南瓜灯、白网黑蜘蛛等,都是节日的装点,已全然没有骇人之鬼魅色彩.有的女学生还端端在这时候会买一对南瓜或者鬼骷髅的耳环来佩带.如果有哪家的布置做得过分恐怖了,会遭到有关方面的制止,媒体也会令其暴光,让公众指责.
万圣节的服装,也是万人万相,不是单调的大鬼小鬼了.有许多渠道教授人们如何制作万圣节服装.比如说制作最简单的鬼服就用一张白床单顶在头上,别忘了扣两个洞留出眼睛就是；若是要扮演魔术师,就穿上黑衣黑裤,再戴上黑礼帽,并在礼帽与头顶之间藏一只绒毛小兔备用；还教大人如何把孩子打扮成小天使,白衣白裤,再从背后怎么绑一个手电筒在头上；也有教如何把孩子打扮成他们喜欢的卡通形象的.当然服装、道具业的商人们,就更有文章可做了.
学校在万圣节是不放假的.有时学校出面组织晚会,有时不甘寂寞的学生们也会自己主办小型晚会；而朋友、家人间互寄贺卡祝万圣节快乐则成为每年十月间流行的习俗.如今网际网路的发达使得送万圣卡更为方便经济,有的网站还别出心裁地设计了各种具有声响动画效果的万圣卡,如：www.cardmaster.com等,免费让大家使用.
总之,万圣节已成为西方人一个很普通的季节性节日.有很多人将此看作秋的结束以及冬的到来.万圣节一过,人们就开始期盼感恩节、圣诞节乃至新年了.
HALLOWEEN HISTORY
The Celtic people, who lived more than 2000 years ago feared the evening of Oct. 31 more than any other day of the year. It was the eve of their festival of Samhain. Samhain was a joyful harvest festival that marked the death of the old year and the beginning of a new one. The day itself was a time for paying homage to the sun god Baal who had provided the people with the ripened grain for use in the upcoming winter. Come evening evil spirits were everywhere. Charms and spells were said to have more power on the eve of Samhain. Several rituals were performed by the Celtic priests, Druids, to appease the Lord of the Dead.
Christianity was born, and grew strong until in the fourth century after Christ, the Roman Empire Constantine declared it lawful. Within the Roman Empire, the Christian Fathers tried their hardest to stamp out all things pagan, which is what they named the older religions. However, the Celts held firmly to their Druid customs. So, the Christian church gave them new meanings and new names, and told the people that the fire rites they had previously held for the Lord of the Dead on Oct. 31 would now protect them from the Devil, the enemy of God. In the 7th century the church celebrated All Saint's Day in May, but by the 9th century the date had been changed to Nov. 1st. The original festival for the pagan Lord of the Dead became a festival of Christian dead. People went on expecting the arrival of ghosts on Oct. 31st. Another name for All Saint's Day was All Hallows' Even which was later shortened to Halloween. In the 10th century the church named Nov. 2nd as All Souls' Day in memory of all dead souls. Halloween, All Saints' Day, and All Souls' Day come so close together and are so similar that in some countries they tend to merge together.
The witch is a central symbol of Halloween. The name comes from the Saxon wica, meaning wise one. When setting out for a Sabbath, witches rubbed a sacred ointment onto their skin. This gave them a feeling of flying, and if they had been fasting they felt even giddier. Some witches rode on horseback, but poor witches went on foot and carried a broom or a pole to aid in vaulting over streams. In England when new witches was initiated they were often blindfolded, smeared with flying ointment and placed on a broomstick. The ointment would confuse the mind, speed up the pulse and numb the feet. When they were told "You are flying over land and sea," the witch took their word for it.
An Irish myth tells of a drunk named Stingy Jack, who one day invited the Devil to have a drink. He convinced the Devil to change into a sixpence in order to pay for the drink, but instead of paying for the drink he pocketed the sixpence beside a silver cross which prevented the Devil from changing back. Jack made a deal with the Devil before letting him free. For one year the Devil could not harrass Jack. Next Halloween the Devil met Jack again, and he tricked the Devil into climbing an apple tree for an apple but then cut the sign of a cross into the trunk of the tree preventing the devil from coming down. Jack forced the devil to swear he would never come after Jack's soul. The devil reluctantly agreed. And so Jack was left alone. Jack died within the year and was turned back from the Gates of Heaven because of his stingyness and drunkedness. He went to the Gates of Hell and the Devil told him to go away, as Jack had made him promise not to claim his soul. Jack didn't want to leave because it was dark and he couldn't find his way. The Devil tossed Jack a glowing coal and Jack put it inside a turnip, and ever since with this Jack-O'-Lantern, Jack has been roaming the faces of this earth.
Scottish children hollow out and carve large turnips and put candles in them. Irish children use turnips or potatoes. In parts of England they use large beets. When the Scotch and the Irish came to the US they found pumpkins, which of course make a perfect Jack-O'-Lantern.
From earliest times people wore masks when droughts or other disasters struck. They believed that the demons who had brought their misfortune upon them would become frightened off by the hideous masks. Even after the festival of Samhain had merged with Halloween, Europeans felt uneasy at this time of the year. Food was stored in preparation for the winter and the house was snug and warm. The cold, envious ghosts were outside, and people who went out after dark often wore masks and animal skins to keep from being recognized. Now, just by chance if you had forgotten to dress up or could not fool the evil spirits by dressing in animal skins or other disguises, there was another way to avoid them. People set out a TREAT of food and fruit, and provide the wandering spirit with shelter for the night. If the demon spirit was satisfied with your TREAT, it was believed that he would not TRICK you by casting a spell on you.
Until very recently children would dress up as ghosts and goblins to scare the neighbors, but there was no trick or treating. Around 40 years ago people began to offer treats to their costumed visitors. And that is the origin of trick-or-treating.