神马作文网求一篇关于服装或服装起源的介绍(要英文)
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求一篇关于服装或服装起源的介绍(要英文)
Clothing (also called clothes,accoutrements,accouterments,or habiliments) protects the human body from extreme weather and other features of the environment.It is worn for safety,comfort,modesty and to reflect religious,cultural and social meaning.
The practical function of clothing is to protect the human body from dangers in the environment:weather (strong sunlight,extreme heat or cold,and precipitation,for example),insects,noxious chemicals,weapons,and contact with abrasive substances,and other hazards.Clothing can protect against many things that might injure the naked human body.In some cases,clothing protects the environment from the clothing wearer as well (example:medical scrubs).
Humans have shown extreme inventiveness in devising clothing solutions to practical problems and the distinction between clothing and other protective equipment is not always clear-cut; examples include space suit,air conditioned clothing,armor,diving suit,swimsuit,bee-keeper's costume,motorcycle leathers,high-visibility clothing,and protective clothing.
People also decorate their bodies with makeup or cosmetics,scented perfume,and other ornamentation; they also cut,dye,and arrange the hair on their heads,faces,and bodies (see hairstyle),and sometimes also mark their skin (by tattoos,scarifications,and piercings).All these decorations may contribute to the overall effect and message of clothing,but do not constitute clothing.
Articles carried rather than worn (such as purses,canes,and umbrellas) are normally considered fashion accessories rather than clothing,but hats and small dress sweaters can be called clothing or accessories.[citation needed] Jewelry and eyeglasses are usually considered as accessories as well,[citation needed] even though in common speech these particular items are described as being worn rather than carried.
Historically,there have been many societies where partial or complete nudity was the cultural norm.In the modern world,most cultures find it socially unacceptable to walk around in public without clothes.
Main article:History of clothing
Image:Neandertal.jpg
A Neanderthal clothed in furAccording to archaeologists and anthropologists,the earliest clothing probably consisted of fur,leather,leaves or grass,draped,wrapped or tied about the body for protection from the elements.Knowledge of such clothing remains inferential,since clothing materials deteriorate quickly compared to stone,bone,shell and metal artifacts.Archeologists have identified very early sewing needles of bone and ivory from about 30,000 BC,found near Kostenki,Russia in 1988.[citation needed]
Ralf Kittler,Manfred Kayser and Mark Stoneking,anthropologists at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology,have conducted a genetic analysis of human body lice that indicates that they originated about 107,000 years ago.Since most humans have very sparse body hair,body lice require clothing to survive,so this suggests a surprisingly recent date for the invention of clothing.Its invention may have coincided with the spread of modern Homo sapiens from the warm climate of Africa,thought to have begun between 50,000 and 100,000 years ago.However,a second group of researchers used similar genetic methods to estimate that body lice originated about 540,000 years ago (Reed et al.2004.PLoS Biology 2(11):e340).For now,the date of the origin of clothing remains unresolved.[citation needed]
Some human cultures,such as the various peoples of the Arctic Circle,until recently made their clothing entirely of prepared and decorated furs and skins.Other cultures have supplemented or replaced leather and skins with cloth:woven,knitted,or twined from various animal and vegetable fibers.
See also:weaving,knitting,and twining
Although modern consumers take clothing for granted,making the fabrics that go into clothing is not easy.One sign of this is that the textile industry was the first to be mechanized during the Industrial Revolution; before the invention of the powered loom,textile production was a tedious and labor-intensive process.
One approach simply involves draping the cloth.Many peoples wore,and still wear,garments consisting of rectangles of cloth wrapped to fit 鈥 for example,the dhoti for men and the saree for women in the Indian subcontinent,the Scottish kilt or the Javanese sarong.The clothes may simply be tied up,as is the case of the first two garments; or pins or belts hold the garments in place,as in the case of the latter two.The precious cloth remains uncut,and people of various sizes or the same person at different sizes can wear the garment.
Another approach involves cutting and sewing the cloth,but using every bit of the cloth rectangle in constructing the clothing.The tailor may cut triangular pieces from one corner of the cloth,and then add them elsewhere as gussets.Traditional European patterns for men's shirts and women's chemises take this approach.
Modern European fashion treats cloth much more prodigally,typically cutting in such a way as to leave various odd-shaped cloth remnants.Industrial sewing operations sell these as waste; home sewers may turn them into quilts.
In the thousands of years that humans have spent constructing clothing,they have created an astonishing array of styles,many of which we can reconstruct from surviving garments,photos,paintings,mosaics,etc.,as well as from written descriptions.Costume history serves as a source of inspiration to current fashion designers,as well as a topic of professional interest to costumers constructing for plays,films,television,and historical reenactment.
The practical function of clothing is to protect the human body from dangers in the environment:weather (strong sunlight,extreme heat or cold,and precipitation,for example),insects,noxious chemicals,weapons,and contact with abrasive substances,and other hazards.Clothing can protect against many things that might injure the naked human body.In some cases,clothing protects the environment from the clothing wearer as well (example:medical scrubs).
Humans have shown extreme inventiveness in devising clothing solutions to practical problems and the distinction between clothing and other protective equipment is not always clear-cut; examples include space suit,air conditioned clothing,armor,diving suit,swimsuit,bee-keeper's costume,motorcycle leathers,high-visibility clothing,and protective clothing.
People also decorate their bodies with makeup or cosmetics,scented perfume,and other ornamentation; they also cut,dye,and arrange the hair on their heads,faces,and bodies (see hairstyle),and sometimes also mark their skin (by tattoos,scarifications,and piercings).All these decorations may contribute to the overall effect and message of clothing,but do not constitute clothing.
Articles carried rather than worn (such as purses,canes,and umbrellas) are normally considered fashion accessories rather than clothing,but hats and small dress sweaters can be called clothing or accessories.[citation needed] Jewelry and eyeglasses are usually considered as accessories as well,[citation needed] even though in common speech these particular items are described as being worn rather than carried.
Historically,there have been many societies where partial or complete nudity was the cultural norm.In the modern world,most cultures find it socially unacceptable to walk around in public without clothes.
Main article:History of clothing
Image:Neandertal.jpg
A Neanderthal clothed in furAccording to archaeologists and anthropologists,the earliest clothing probably consisted of fur,leather,leaves or grass,draped,wrapped or tied about the body for protection from the elements.Knowledge of such clothing remains inferential,since clothing materials deteriorate quickly compared to stone,bone,shell and metal artifacts.Archeologists have identified very early sewing needles of bone and ivory from about 30,000 BC,found near Kostenki,Russia in 1988.[citation needed]
Ralf Kittler,Manfred Kayser and Mark Stoneking,anthropologists at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology,have conducted a genetic analysis of human body lice that indicates that they originated about 107,000 years ago.Since most humans have very sparse body hair,body lice require clothing to survive,so this suggests a surprisingly recent date for the invention of clothing.Its invention may have coincided with the spread of modern Homo sapiens from the warm climate of Africa,thought to have begun between 50,000 and 100,000 years ago.However,a second group of researchers used similar genetic methods to estimate that body lice originated about 540,000 years ago (Reed et al.2004.PLoS Biology 2(11):e340).For now,the date of the origin of clothing remains unresolved.[citation needed]
Some human cultures,such as the various peoples of the Arctic Circle,until recently made their clothing entirely of prepared and decorated furs and skins.Other cultures have supplemented or replaced leather and skins with cloth:woven,knitted,or twined from various animal and vegetable fibers.
See also:weaving,knitting,and twining
Although modern consumers take clothing for granted,making the fabrics that go into clothing is not easy.One sign of this is that the textile industry was the first to be mechanized during the Industrial Revolution; before the invention of the powered loom,textile production was a tedious and labor-intensive process.
One approach simply involves draping the cloth.Many peoples wore,and still wear,garments consisting of rectangles of cloth wrapped to fit 鈥 for example,the dhoti for men and the saree for women in the Indian subcontinent,the Scottish kilt or the Javanese sarong.The clothes may simply be tied up,as is the case of the first two garments; or pins or belts hold the garments in place,as in the case of the latter two.The precious cloth remains uncut,and people of various sizes or the same person at different sizes can wear the garment.
Another approach involves cutting and sewing the cloth,but using every bit of the cloth rectangle in constructing the clothing.The tailor may cut triangular pieces from one corner of the cloth,and then add them elsewhere as gussets.Traditional European patterns for men's shirts and women's chemises take this approach.
Modern European fashion treats cloth much more prodigally,typically cutting in such a way as to leave various odd-shaped cloth remnants.Industrial sewing operations sell these as waste; home sewers may turn them into quilts.
In the thousands of years that humans have spent constructing clothing,they have created an astonishing array of styles,many of which we can reconstruct from surviving garments,photos,paintings,mosaics,etc.,as well as from written descriptions.Costume history serves as a source of inspiration to current fashion designers,as well as a topic of professional interest to costumers constructing for plays,films,television,and historical reenactment.