神马作文网人教版八年级英语上册第四单元语法!要各个单词的用法!
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人教版八年级英语上册第四单元语法!要各个单词的用法!
火眼金睛：
1.“花销”细盘点：
spend,take,cost和pay的用法：
初中阶段关于“花钱”,“花费时间”的词常见的有以下五个：buy,cost,pay（for）,spend和take.很多学生对这几个词的词义和用法似懂非懂,用起来往往出错.其实这些词都与钱物有关,与时间有关的只有take和spend.下面具体谈一谈其用法：①spend指花钱,花费时间.主语是人.其常见结构分别为to spend money on sth．,spend time（in）doing sth．.
I spent six yuan on a new dictionary．
—How do you spend your spare time?
—I spend my spare time writing books．②take指花钱（＝cost）
It takes/costs me a lot of money to buy a big house．
= To buy a big house takes/costs me a lot of money.
take用来说明做某事需要多少时间,有三种不同的结构：
1）主语是人
She took the whole day to read the novel．（她花了一整天那本小说.）
2）主语是某种活动
The journey took me half an hour．
Reading the novel took her the whole day．
3）用形式主语it
It took me half an hour to get home yesterday．
It takes much time to do the shopping．
③pay（for）,pay表示付给人家钱、帐单等；pay for表示买东西付款,也表示替别人付钱.主语是人.其常见结构是to pay sb．some money,pay money for sth．
You must pay me 100yuan a week for your meals．
How much did you pay for that book? ④cost指花钱,表示价值或代价（此代价可以是时间）.主语是事或物或动词不定式短语.
其常见结构是to cost sb．some money.
The dictionary cost me 6yuan．
【小试牛刀】翻译：（1）我六十元钱买了一本词典 （五种译法）
(2)读这本书花了我一整天的时间 （四种译法）
(Keys:
（1）a．I bought the dictionary for 60 yuan．
b．The dictionary cost me 60 yuan．
c．I paid 60 yuan for the dictionary．
d．I spent 60yuan on the dictionary．
e．It took me60 yuan to buy the dictionary．
（2）a．I spent the whole day reading the book．
b．I took the whole day to read the book．
c．Reading the book took me the whole day．
d．It took me the whole day to read the book．)
2.“数目”要说清：
a number of…“许多”与the number of…“……的数字/数目”这两个词组的用法要分清：
①a number of…意思是“一些,若干”（= some）,后接可数名词复数或代词,谓语动词用复数形式.
a number of…词组中还可以加入形容词表示数量大或小等（例如：a large/small number of…许多/少数……）.
②the number of…意思是“……的数字/数目”,介词of同其后名词构成介词短语,修饰the number.当它作主语时,谓语动词用单数.例如： Many people took part in 10,000-metre race, but only a number of them kept on running to the end. 许多人参加了10000米跑,但只有一些人坚持跑到底.
A number of my friends think I should take a holiday.
我的一些朋友认为我应该休假.
The number of students is about forty.学生人数大约是40人左右.
3.到达路线有几条：
arrive in/at,get to;reach意为“抵达,到达”,我们在句子中要正确运用.
【辨析】 arrive vi.到达什么地方,后接in或at,大的地方用in,小的地方用at；reach vt.后接地点名词；get to也可表示“到达”,后接地点名词,比以上两词更口语化,也可用get加副词（home,here,there等）.
题例：When did you __________ home?
A. go to B.arrive at C.reach in D.reach
【解析】 在英语中“到达”可表达为get to,arrive in/at和reach.get和ararrive是不及物动词,所以后面接宾语时,应借助于介词.而reach是及物动词,它后面可以直接跟宾语.但是本题的home是副词,副词前不可以有介词,所以此题的正确答案是D.
【拓展】arrive一词除了表示“到达”外还有“来到”、“出生”的意思：
Good weather is arriving．好天气就要来了.
My baby arrived last night．我的宝宝是昨天夜里出生的.
Too swift（快的） arrives as tardy（迟缓的） as too slow．
[谚语]欲速则不达.
4.条条大路通罗马：（All Roads Lead to Rome）
英语中表示交通方式的形式很多,但总的来说,不外乎两种方式,即： 用介词和动词来表示.
（一） 用介词表示.
（1） by + 表示交通工具的名词,泛指“乘/坐某种交通工具”,其中名词前无任何修饰语,且只能用单数.如：
He came by train, but his wife came by bus.
他坐火车来的,但他妻子坐汽车来的.
Travelling by elephant is great fun. 骑象旅行很有趣.
类似的词组还有：by car乘车；by plane乘飞机；by ship乘船；by taxi乘计程车；等.
（2） in/on + 表示交通工具的名词 , 或泛指或特指“乘/坐某种交通工具”,其中名词前常有冠词、物主代词、指示代词或名词所有格等修饰语,名词可以是单数或复数.
① bus,train,boat,plane,ship等有厢,有舱的名词前,用介词in或on.如：
We are going there in/on a bus.我们将乘公共汽车去那里.（泛指）
Don't come here on /in the ship．不要坐船来这里.（特指）
② bike或motorbike前,只能用介词on.如：
They go to work on their bikes.他们骑自行车上班.（特指）
She went out on her new motorbike.
她骑着她的新摩托车出去了.（特指）
③ car,taxi前,多用介词in.如：
We are going to France in John’s car.
我们将坐约翰的车去法国.（特指）
（3） by/on + 表示交通工具的名词,特指“乘/坐某一趟/辆/艘（车,船等）”,其中名词为单数,其前常有定冠词与数词或具体时刻一起作修饰语.如： They came here by/on the first bus.他们是坐头班车来的.
You can get there by/on the Number 10 bus / bus No.10.
你可以乘10路公共汽车到那里.
He went up to London by/on the 10:30 (train).
他是乘10时30分的火车去伦敦的.
（4） by + 表示交通工具的名词,泛指“乘/坐某种档次的交通工具旅行”,其中名词为单数,其前常有表示“等级或档次”的形容词作修饰语.如：
She travels by third-class train. 她乘三等车旅行.
I will go to Beijing by the fast train. 我将乘快车去北京.
He flew to Paris by first class (plane). 他坐头等舱飞往巴黎.
He went to Tokyo by a large ship.他乘一艘大船去了东京.
（5） by + 表示交通线路或交通线路所经范围的名词 ,表示“经由陆路/水路/空中等线路旅行或运输”,其中名词为单数或不可数,其前无任何修饰语.如：
Shall we go by land or by sea ? 我们是由陆路去还是由水路去?
It saves a lot of time to travel by air.
乘飞机旅行可以节省许多时间.
类似的词组还有：by water由水路；by road由公路；by rail由铁路；等.
（6） on + 表示人或动物特定身体部位的名词,表示“步行或骑马/骆驼”,其中名词只能是foot、horseback或 camelback,其前无任何修饰语.如：
She usually goes to school on foot. 她通常步行上学.
Our friends arrived on horseback.我们的朋友是骑马到的.
（7） on + 表示交通工具的动物名词,表示“骑驴/马/象/骆驼”,其中名词为donkey、horse、elephant或camel,其前常有不定冠词a/an.如：
The old man used to go out on a donkey.
那个老汉以前都是骑驴外出的.
He went there on a horse. 他骑马去了那里.
类似的词组还有：on an elephant骑象；on a camel骑骆驼.
二、 用动词表示.
（1）“动词 + to + 地点名词”或“动词 + 地点副词”. 这种动词主要是walk （步行）,ride（骑车）,drive（开车）,fly（乘飞机）,sail（乘船）等.如：
I usually walk to school. 我通常步行上学.
We sometimes ride to school. 我们有时骑车上学.
They drove to the station. 他们开车去了车站.
Jack flew there last Sunday. 杰克上星期乘飞机去那里了.
（2） “take a/the + 表示交通工具的名词”,表示“乘/坐……”.如：
Will you take a bus to go there?你乘汽车去那儿吗?
I took a taxi to the hospital. 我坐出租车到医院去了.
类似的表达还有：take a ship（乘轮船）,take a plane（乘飞机）等.
（3） “ride a/an + bike,motorbike或表示交通工具的动物名词,表示“骑……”.如：
I ride a bike to work every day. 我天天骑自行车上班.
He came here riding a horse /an elephant. 他骑马/象来到了这里.
（4） “ride on/in + a/an + 表示交通工具的名词”,表示“乘/坐/骑……”.如：
The boy liked to ride on a motorbike.那男孩喜欢骑摩托车.
类似的表达还有：ride in/on a ship/train/plane/boat等.
【辨析】ride a bike着重动作；ride in/on a bike着重状态.
（5） “have/take a ride in/on + 表示交通工具的名词”,表示“乘/坐/骑一下/次……”.如：
Would you like to have/take a ride in my new car ?
你要不要坐坐我的新车?
He let me have/take a ride on his camel.
他让我骑了一下他的骆驼.
（6） “go for a ride in/on + 表示交通工具的名词”,表示“乘/坐/骑……去兜风”.如：
They went for a ride on their horses/bicycles.
他们骑马/自行车去兜了一圈.
I went for a ride on my horse before breakfast.
早餐前我骑马出去遛了遛.
巩固练习：
I:用by,in,on,take填空.
1．—How do you go to school every day?
—____ bike．
2．They will go to the cinema ____ bus．
3．He went to the park ____ a car yesterday．
4．Helen will go there ____ the 12：00 bus．
5．Will you ____ the bus to Beijing tomorrow?
II:就划线部分提问.
1．Mr Green goes to the post office by bike．（对划线部分提问）
2．Ann is going shopping on foot．（对划线部分提问）
（Keys：I: 1．By 2．by 3．in 4．on ／by 5．Take
II: 1. How does Mr Green go to the post office?
2. How is Ann going shopping ? ）
5.否定也“温柔”：
“not all”是一个部分否定,可见否定也“温柔”.例如：In North America,not all students take the bus to school. (在北美,并非所有的学生都乘车上学.)
英语中的部分否定（即不完全否定）有如下一些表示方法：
一 ）all 的否定式：not all…（或：all…not）表示"并非都……"、"不是所有的都……" 例如： Not all bamboo grows tall. 并非所有的竹子都会长很高.
二）both 的否定式：not…both (或：both… not) "并非两个……都……" 例如：
I don't want both the books. 我不是两本书都要.
Both (the) windows are not open. 两扇窗子并不都开着.
三） every…的否定式： "不是每……都……" 例如：
Not everyone likes this book. 并非人人都喜欢这本书.
This flower is not seen everywhere. 这花并不是随处可见的.
四） always的否定式： "并非总是（并非一直）……" 例如：
He is not always so sad. 他并不是一直都这样悲伤.
五） all the time 的否定式： "并非一直……"、"未必老是……" 例如：
A foolish man doesn't make a mistake all the time.
笨人未必老是犯错误.
六） not…and…的否定式,被否定的往往是and后面的那一部分. 例如：
He did not speak clearly and correctly. 他讲得清楚但不正确.
She cannot sing and dance. 她会唱歌但不会跳舞.
如果将and 换成or,not 对其后面的两部分就全盘否定了.
He did not speak clearly or correctly. 他讲的既不清楚也不正确.
【注意】 如要对上述的all, both, every, always, 以及entirely, altogether, completely, quite 和 all the time 等词作完全否定,那就分别要用与之相对应的全否定词,如no, none, neither, no one, never, not (never)… at all 等.例如：
All of them can do it.--- None of them can do it.
Both are good.---Neither is good.
Everybody likes it. ---Nobody likes it.
He is always late. --- He is never late.
We don't trust them entirely. --- We never trust them at all.
He was here all the time. --- He was never here.
6.风云“聚”义厅：
本单元重点句子释义集锦：
1. How do you get to school? I walk to school.你是怎样到校的?我步行.
翻译：你们如何去上海?我乘飞机去,他坐火车去.
2. How about the white shirt? 这件白衬衫怎么样?
翻译：去游泳怎么样?
3.I usually walk but sometimes I take the bus.
我通常步行,但有时坐公共汽车.
翻译：他总是骑自行车上学,但这次他乘地铁上学了.
4.How long does it take you to get to school?
It takes about 10 minutes to walk and 15 minutes by bus.
你需要多长时间到校?步行大约10分钟,乘汽车15分钟.
翻译：建造这座桥工人们将花费1年多的时间.
5. How far is it from his home to school? About 10 kilometers.
从他家到学校有多远?大约10公里.
翻译：从地球到月球有多远?大约38万公里远.
6.Lin Fei’s home is about 10 kilometers from school.
林飞的家离学校大约10公里
翻译：我们学校到东湖公园大约7公里.
7. He leaves for school at around six-thirty.
他大约在6点30分动身去学校.
翻译：我们下星期去北京.
8. Then the early bus takes him to school.然后,他乘坐早班车到学校.
翻译：请把书带到学校来.
9.Thomas wants to know where Nina lives.托马斯想要知道尼娜住在哪里.
翻译：我想知道她认为交通怎么样.
10. In Japan, most students take trains to school, although others also walk or ride their bikes.
在日本,大部分学生乘坐火车上学,尽管其他人也步行或骑自行车.
翻译：他虽然有病,仍坚持学习.________________________________________
11. A small number of students take the subway to school.
小部分学生乘坐地铁上学
翻译：我有许多信件要写.
12.What do you think of the transportation in your town?
你对你们镇的交通认为怎么样?
翻译：你认为这本书怎么样?
13. She is dead but her memory still lives on.
她虽然死了,但人们仍然怀念她.
翻译：羊靠青草维持生命.
（Keys:
1.How are you going to Shanghai? I am going by plane,he′s going by train.
2.How about going swimming?
3.He usually ride a bike to school, but this time he takes the subway.
4.It took the workers over one year to build the bridge.
5.How far is it from the earth to the moon? About 380,000 kilometers.
6.Our school is about 7 kilometers from Donghu Park.
7.We are leaving/(leaves )for Beijing next week.
8.Please bring the books to school.
9.I want to know what she think of /(how she likes)the transportation.
10. He kept studying although he was ill.
11.I have a number of/(many/a lot of/lots of) letters to write.
12.What do you think of this book?
13.Sheep live on the grass.)
语法聚焦：
How引起的特殊疑问句
How引起的特殊疑问句可用来询问各种情况.例如：
(1) How are your parents?你父母好吗? Very well, thank you. 很好,谢谢
(2) How do your spell the word? 这个词怎么拼?
(3) How do you like the film? 这电影你觉得怎么样?
=What do you think of…?(你认为……怎么样?)
(4) How do you usually go to school? 你通常怎么上学?
I usually go by bike. 我通常骑自行车上学的.
（5）How is the weather today?=What is the weather like today?
今天天气如何?
How构成的疑问句短语： how many多少（指可数的量） how much多少（不可数名词,也可以问价格）how often(问频率) how soon(问将来时间,多久)howl ong (问时间或物体长度) how far多远 how old多大年 龄
1.“花销”细盘点：
spend,take,cost和pay的用法：
初中阶段关于“花钱”,“花费时间”的词常见的有以下五个：buy,cost,pay（for）,spend和take.很多学生对这几个词的词义和用法似懂非懂,用起来往往出错.其实这些词都与钱物有关,与时间有关的只有take和spend.下面具体谈一谈其用法：①spend指花钱,花费时间.主语是人.其常见结构分别为to spend money on sth．,spend time（in）doing sth．.
I spent six yuan on a new dictionary．
—How do you spend your spare time?
—I spend my spare time writing books．②take指花钱（＝cost）
It takes/costs me a lot of money to buy a big house．
= To buy a big house takes/costs me a lot of money.
take用来说明做某事需要多少时间,有三种不同的结构：
1）主语是人
She took the whole day to read the novel．（她花了一整天那本小说.）
2）主语是某种活动
The journey took me half an hour．
Reading the novel took her the whole day．
3）用形式主语it
It took me half an hour to get home yesterday．
It takes much time to do the shopping．
③pay（for）,pay表示付给人家钱、帐单等；pay for表示买东西付款,也表示替别人付钱.主语是人.其常见结构是to pay sb．some money,pay money for sth．
You must pay me 100yuan a week for your meals．
How much did you pay for that book? ④cost指花钱,表示价值或代价（此代价可以是时间）.主语是事或物或动词不定式短语.
其常见结构是to cost sb．some money.
The dictionary cost me 6yuan．
【小试牛刀】翻译：（1）我六十元钱买了一本词典 （五种译法）
(2)读这本书花了我一整天的时间 （四种译法）
(Keys:
（1）a．I bought the dictionary for 60 yuan．
b．The dictionary cost me 60 yuan．
c．I paid 60 yuan for the dictionary．
d．I spent 60yuan on the dictionary．
e．It took me60 yuan to buy the dictionary．
（2）a．I spent the whole day reading the book．
b．I took the whole day to read the book．
c．Reading the book took me the whole day．
d．It took me the whole day to read the book．)
2.“数目”要说清：
a number of…“许多”与the number of…“……的数字/数目”这两个词组的用法要分清：
①a number of…意思是“一些,若干”（= some）,后接可数名词复数或代词,谓语动词用复数形式.
a number of…词组中还可以加入形容词表示数量大或小等（例如：a large/small number of…许多/少数……）.
②the number of…意思是“……的数字/数目”,介词of同其后名词构成介词短语,修饰the number.当它作主语时,谓语动词用单数.例如： Many people took part in 10,000-metre race, but only a number of them kept on running to the end. 许多人参加了10000米跑,但只有一些人坚持跑到底.
A number of my friends think I should take a holiday.
我的一些朋友认为我应该休假.
The number of students is about forty.学生人数大约是40人左右.
3.到达路线有几条：
arrive in/at,get to;reach意为“抵达,到达”,我们在句子中要正确运用.
【辨析】 arrive vi.到达什么地方,后接in或at,大的地方用in,小的地方用at；reach vt.后接地点名词；get to也可表示“到达”,后接地点名词,比以上两词更口语化,也可用get加副词（home,here,there等）.
题例：When did you __________ home?
A. go to B.arrive at C.reach in D.reach
【解析】 在英语中“到达”可表达为get to,arrive in/at和reach.get和ararrive是不及物动词,所以后面接宾语时,应借助于介词.而reach是及物动词,它后面可以直接跟宾语.但是本题的home是副词,副词前不可以有介词,所以此题的正确答案是D.
【拓展】arrive一词除了表示“到达”外还有“来到”、“出生”的意思：
Good weather is arriving．好天气就要来了.
My baby arrived last night．我的宝宝是昨天夜里出生的.
Too swift（快的） arrives as tardy（迟缓的） as too slow．
[谚语]欲速则不达.
4.条条大路通罗马：（All Roads Lead to Rome）
英语中表示交通方式的形式很多,但总的来说,不外乎两种方式,即： 用介词和动词来表示.
（一） 用介词表示.
（1） by + 表示交通工具的名词,泛指“乘/坐某种交通工具”,其中名词前无任何修饰语,且只能用单数.如：
He came by train, but his wife came by bus.
他坐火车来的,但他妻子坐汽车来的.
Travelling by elephant is great fun. 骑象旅行很有趣.
类似的词组还有：by car乘车；by plane乘飞机；by ship乘船；by taxi乘计程车；等.
（2） in/on + 表示交通工具的名词 , 或泛指或特指“乘/坐某种交通工具”,其中名词前常有冠词、物主代词、指示代词或名词所有格等修饰语,名词可以是单数或复数.
① bus,train,boat,plane,ship等有厢,有舱的名词前,用介词in或on.如：
We are going there in/on a bus.我们将乘公共汽车去那里.（泛指）
Don't come here on /in the ship．不要坐船来这里.（特指）
② bike或motorbike前,只能用介词on.如：
They go to work on their bikes.他们骑自行车上班.（特指）
She went out on her new motorbike.
她骑着她的新摩托车出去了.（特指）
③ car,taxi前,多用介词in.如：
We are going to France in John’s car.
我们将坐约翰的车去法国.（特指）
（3） by/on + 表示交通工具的名词,特指“乘/坐某一趟/辆/艘（车,船等）”,其中名词为单数,其前常有定冠词与数词或具体时刻一起作修饰语.如： They came here by/on the first bus.他们是坐头班车来的.
You can get there by/on the Number 10 bus / bus No.10.
你可以乘10路公共汽车到那里.
He went up to London by/on the 10:30 (train).
他是乘10时30分的火车去伦敦的.
（4） by + 表示交通工具的名词,泛指“乘/坐某种档次的交通工具旅行”,其中名词为单数,其前常有表示“等级或档次”的形容词作修饰语.如：
She travels by third-class train. 她乘三等车旅行.
I will go to Beijing by the fast train. 我将乘快车去北京.
He flew to Paris by first class (plane). 他坐头等舱飞往巴黎.
He went to Tokyo by a large ship.他乘一艘大船去了东京.
（5） by + 表示交通线路或交通线路所经范围的名词 ,表示“经由陆路/水路/空中等线路旅行或运输”,其中名词为单数或不可数,其前无任何修饰语.如：
Shall we go by land or by sea ? 我们是由陆路去还是由水路去?
It saves a lot of time to travel by air.
乘飞机旅行可以节省许多时间.
类似的词组还有：by water由水路；by road由公路；by rail由铁路；等.
（6） on + 表示人或动物特定身体部位的名词,表示“步行或骑马/骆驼”,其中名词只能是foot、horseback或 camelback,其前无任何修饰语.如：
She usually goes to school on foot. 她通常步行上学.
Our friends arrived on horseback.我们的朋友是骑马到的.
（7） on + 表示交通工具的动物名词,表示“骑驴/马/象/骆驼”,其中名词为donkey、horse、elephant或camel,其前常有不定冠词a/an.如：
The old man used to go out on a donkey.
那个老汉以前都是骑驴外出的.
He went there on a horse. 他骑马去了那里.
类似的词组还有：on an elephant骑象；on a camel骑骆驼.
二、 用动词表示.
（1）“动词 + to + 地点名词”或“动词 + 地点副词”. 这种动词主要是walk （步行）,ride（骑车）,drive（开车）,fly（乘飞机）,sail（乘船）等.如：
I usually walk to school. 我通常步行上学.
We sometimes ride to school. 我们有时骑车上学.
They drove to the station. 他们开车去了车站.
Jack flew there last Sunday. 杰克上星期乘飞机去那里了.
（2） “take a/the + 表示交通工具的名词”,表示“乘/坐……”.如：
Will you take a bus to go there?你乘汽车去那儿吗?
I took a taxi to the hospital. 我坐出租车到医院去了.
类似的表达还有：take a ship（乘轮船）,take a plane（乘飞机）等.
（3） “ride a/an + bike,motorbike或表示交通工具的动物名词,表示“骑……”.如：
I ride a bike to work every day. 我天天骑自行车上班.
He came here riding a horse /an elephant. 他骑马/象来到了这里.
（4） “ride on/in + a/an + 表示交通工具的名词”,表示“乘/坐/骑……”.如：
The boy liked to ride on a motorbike.那男孩喜欢骑摩托车.
类似的表达还有：ride in/on a ship/train/plane/boat等.
【辨析】ride a bike着重动作；ride in/on a bike着重状态.
（5） “have/take a ride in/on + 表示交通工具的名词”,表示“乘/坐/骑一下/次……”.如：
Would you like to have/take a ride in my new car ?
你要不要坐坐我的新车?
He let me have/take a ride on his camel.
他让我骑了一下他的骆驼.
（6） “go for a ride in/on + 表示交通工具的名词”,表示“乘/坐/骑……去兜风”.如：
They went for a ride on their horses/bicycles.
他们骑马/自行车去兜了一圈.
I went for a ride on my horse before breakfast.
早餐前我骑马出去遛了遛.
巩固练习：
I:用by,in,on,take填空.
1．—How do you go to school every day?
—____ bike．
2．They will go to the cinema ____ bus．
3．He went to the park ____ a car yesterday．
4．Helen will go there ____ the 12：00 bus．
5．Will you ____ the bus to Beijing tomorrow?
II:就划线部分提问.
1．Mr Green goes to the post office by bike．（对划线部分提问）
2．Ann is going shopping on foot．（对划线部分提问）
（Keys：I: 1．By 2．by 3．in 4．on ／by 5．Take
II: 1. How does Mr Green go to the post office?
2. How is Ann going shopping ? ）
5.否定也“温柔”：
“not all”是一个部分否定,可见否定也“温柔”.例如：In North America,not all students take the bus to school. (在北美,并非所有的学生都乘车上学.)
英语中的部分否定（即不完全否定）有如下一些表示方法：
一 ）all 的否定式：not all…（或：all…not）表示"并非都……"、"不是所有的都……" 例如： Not all bamboo grows tall. 并非所有的竹子都会长很高.
二）both 的否定式：not…both (或：both… not) "并非两个……都……" 例如：
I don't want both the books. 我不是两本书都要.
Both (the) windows are not open. 两扇窗子并不都开着.
三） every…的否定式： "不是每……都……" 例如：
Not everyone likes this book. 并非人人都喜欢这本书.
This flower is not seen everywhere. 这花并不是随处可见的.
四） always的否定式： "并非总是（并非一直）……" 例如：
He is not always so sad. 他并不是一直都这样悲伤.
五） all the time 的否定式： "并非一直……"、"未必老是……" 例如：
A foolish man doesn't make a mistake all the time.
笨人未必老是犯错误.
六） not…and…的否定式,被否定的往往是and后面的那一部分. 例如：
He did not speak clearly and correctly. 他讲得清楚但不正确.
She cannot sing and dance. 她会唱歌但不会跳舞.
如果将and 换成or,not 对其后面的两部分就全盘否定了.
He did not speak clearly or correctly. 他讲的既不清楚也不正确.
【注意】 如要对上述的all, both, every, always, 以及entirely, altogether, completely, quite 和 all the time 等词作完全否定,那就分别要用与之相对应的全否定词,如no, none, neither, no one, never, not (never)… at all 等.例如：
All of them can do it.--- None of them can do it.
Both are good.---Neither is good.
Everybody likes it. ---Nobody likes it.
He is always late. --- He is never late.
We don't trust them entirely. --- We never trust them at all.
He was here all the time. --- He was never here.
6.风云“聚”义厅：
本单元重点句子释义集锦：
1. How do you get to school? I walk to school.你是怎样到校的?我步行.
翻译：你们如何去上海?我乘飞机去,他坐火车去.
2. How about the white shirt? 这件白衬衫怎么样?
翻译：去游泳怎么样?
3.I usually walk but sometimes I take the bus.
我通常步行,但有时坐公共汽车.
翻译：他总是骑自行车上学,但这次他乘地铁上学了.
4.How long does it take you to get to school?
It takes about 10 minutes to walk and 15 minutes by bus.
你需要多长时间到校?步行大约10分钟,乘汽车15分钟.
翻译：建造这座桥工人们将花费1年多的时间.
5. How far is it from his home to school? About 10 kilometers.
从他家到学校有多远?大约10公里.
翻译：从地球到月球有多远?大约38万公里远.
6.Lin Fei’s home is about 10 kilometers from school.
林飞的家离学校大约10公里
翻译：我们学校到东湖公园大约7公里.
7. He leaves for school at around six-thirty.
他大约在6点30分动身去学校.
翻译：我们下星期去北京.
8. Then the early bus takes him to school.然后,他乘坐早班车到学校.
翻译：请把书带到学校来.
9.Thomas wants to know where Nina lives.托马斯想要知道尼娜住在哪里.
翻译：我想知道她认为交通怎么样.
10. In Japan, most students take trains to school, although others also walk or ride their bikes.
在日本,大部分学生乘坐火车上学,尽管其他人也步行或骑自行车.
翻译：他虽然有病,仍坚持学习.________________________________________
11. A small number of students take the subway to school.
小部分学生乘坐地铁上学
翻译：我有许多信件要写.
12.What do you think of the transportation in your town?
你对你们镇的交通认为怎么样?
翻译：你认为这本书怎么样?
13. She is dead but her memory still lives on.
她虽然死了,但人们仍然怀念她.
翻译：羊靠青草维持生命.
（Keys:
1.How are you going to Shanghai? I am going by plane,he′s going by train.
2.How about going swimming?
3.He usually ride a bike to school, but this time he takes the subway.
4.It took the workers over one year to build the bridge.
5.How far is it from the earth to the moon? About 380,000 kilometers.
6.Our school is about 7 kilometers from Donghu Park.
7.We are leaving/(leaves )for Beijing next week.
8.Please bring the books to school.
9.I want to know what she think of /(how she likes)the transportation.
10. He kept studying although he was ill.
11.I have a number of/(many/a lot of/lots of) letters to write.
12.What do you think of this book?
13.Sheep live on the grass.)
语法聚焦：
How引起的特殊疑问句
How引起的特殊疑问句可用来询问各种情况.例如：
(1) How are your parents?你父母好吗? Very well, thank you. 很好,谢谢
(2) How do your spell the word? 这个词怎么拼?
(3) How do you like the film? 这电影你觉得怎么样?
=What do you think of…?(你认为……怎么样?)
(4) How do you usually go to school? 你通常怎么上学?
I usually go by bike. 我通常骑自行车上学的.
（5）How is the weather today?=What is the weather like today?
今天天气如何?
How构成的疑问句短语： how many多少（指可数的量） how much多少（不可数名词,也可以问价格）how often(问频率) how soon(问将来时间,多久)howl ong (问时间或物体长度) how far多远 how old多大年 龄