英语翻译Kuhn and SubjectivismThomas Kuhn (1922-1996)’s work in T

英语翻译
Kuhn and Subjectivism
Thomas Kuhn (1922-1996)’s work in The Structure of Scientific Revolutions is the focus for much of the discussion in the 20th century in the philosophy of science on subjectivism.
Here,I will discuss several features of Kuhn’s view of science that endorse the idea that scientific evaluations are subjective.
Outline
1.Presentation of Kuhn’s views 2.Subjectivism in observation 3.Subjectivism in values 4.The impossibility of a theoretically neutral stance for evaluation.5.A problem for subjectivism
Kuhn’s View of Science
Kuhn’s Examination of the history of science lead him to propose that mature science has two phases：Normal Science
 Revolutionary Science
Most scientific work is done under periods of normal science,which is governed by what Kuhn calls a paradigm.
The Cyclical Nature of Science
Paradigms are inevitably followed by periods of crisis and revolution.
In revolutionary science the previous paradigm is overthrown and replaced by a new one.
Normal Science then begins anew.
Kuhnian Paradigms
Paradigms are characterized by:
Laws and governing theoretical principles
----cast in a particular linguistic framework
A set of puzzles to be resolved
Exemplars – applications of theory to be emulated in solving puzzles
 A set of values governing theoretical work
Examples of Paradigms
Newtonian Theory
General Relativity Theory
Ptolemaic Astronomy
Copernican Astronomy

库恩和主观主义
托马斯库恩（ 1922年至1996年）的工作的科学革命的结构是重点,大部分讨论了20世纪的科学哲学上的主观主义.
在这里,我将讨论的几个特点库恩的科学观赞同的思想,科学的评价是主观的.
大纲
1 .库恩提出的意见
2 .主观观察
3 .主观主义的价值
4 .不可能一个理论上中立的立场进行评估.
5 .主观主义的问题
库恩的科学观
库恩的审查科学史导致他建议,成熟的科学分两个阶段进行：师范大学科学
革命科学.最科学的工作是根据时期的正常科学,它是由什么库恩所说的范式的周期性科学.范式必然其次危机期间和革命.在革命前的科学范式被推翻,取而代之的是一个新的.正常科学然后重新开始.
Kuhnian范式
范式的特点是：
法律和管理理论原则
----演员在一个特定语言框架
一套难题得到解决
示例-应用的理论予以仿效解决难题
一套价值管理理论工作
范式的例子
牛顿理论
广义相对论理论
托勒密天文学
哥白尼天文学