英语翻译（1）企业核心竞争力的特性方面银行是特殊的企业,国外就是从对企业竞争力的研究开始着手研究商业银行竞争力的.普拉哈

英语翻译
（1）企业核心竞争力的特性方面
银行是特殊的企业,国外就是从对企业竞争力的研究开始着手研究商业银行竞争力的.普拉哈拉德和哈默（1990）是从技术和产品创新观研究核心竞争力的代表.他们认为企业核心竞争力的积累过程伴随在企业的核心产品及技术的发展过程中,是企业以往的投资和学习行为所积累的具有企业特定性的专长.Dorothy Leonard-Barton认为核心竞争力是使企业独具特色并给企业带来竞争优势的知识体系,体现在技巧和知识基础、技术系统、管理系统、价值观系统四个维度,它们之间的相互作用关系较强.Coombs（1993）认为企业核心竞争力包括企业的技术竞争力以及将技术竞争力予以有效结合的组织竞争力.
（2）银行规模与竞争力的关系
Alhadeff（1954）对1938年到1950年之间加利福尼亚州的相关数据进行了成本和产出分析.结果发现,加利福尼亚州银行业存在着产出递增和成本递减的效应,大银行在成本和产出方面都较小银行更优.Beston（1965,1972）发现,不论规模大小,所有的银行如果其他约束条件不变,其规模若扩大一倍,平均成本可下降约5%到8%,即统计上显著的规模经济效应存在于所有的银行.
（3）银行经营范围与竞争力的关系
Kolar（1987）按业务类型将美国约600家银行分为四组,逐一的检验了业务范围效率假说.其结果发现,有着相关和共享的信息资源业务的前提下,组合业务经营比单一业务经营成本较低,即银行业存在着业务范围效率.Berger&Humhrey（1994）的实证分析表明,银行业的范围效率很小,收益则有不受产品多样化影响,而通过生产多样化的产品最多使成本降低5%.
（4）影响银行效率的因素
Berger和Mester（1997）在其研究中发现：银行效率受多种因素的影响,效率概念、测度方法和样本选择,以及资产规模、组织形式等都会影响银行效率.不过对于效率的作用方向和结果,有的影响因素很明确,有的却因研究的不同而不同.Lozano-Vivas（2000）在其研究中测算了西班牙银行业与法国银行业的成本效率,在没有考虑环境变量和把环境变量考虑在内时是不相同的,前者条件下,西班牙银行业的成本效率与法国相比较低,后者条件下几乎无差别.由此可看出,要适应市场竞争,商业银行就应当及时调整自身结构以适应人口密度、需求强度、人均收入等环境因素的改变.

（1）The characteristics of the core competitiveness of enterprises
Banks are special enterprises.People overseas started to study the competitiveness of commercial banks from the research on that of enterprises.C.K. Prahalad and Armand Hamer(1990) are the representatives of people who study core competitiveness from the new aspect of technology and product innovation.They think that the accumulation process of core competitiveness of enterprises is accompanied by the development process of core products and technology of enterprises,which is the specific advantage accumulated by enterprises' investment and learning behaviors.Dorothy Leonard-Barton thinks that the core competitiveness is a knowledge system which can make the enterprise unique and bring it advantages of competition,which reflects on four aspects,knowledge base, technology system, management system and value system,the interaction of which is strong.Coombs（1993）thinks that the core conpetitiveness of enterprises includes the technology competitiveness of the enterprise and the organization competitiveness of combining the technology competitiveness effectively.
(2)The relationship between bank size and competitiveness
Alhadeff（1954） analyzed the Related data of the cost and produce of Clifornia from 1938 to 1950.The result showed that there is an effect of output increasing and cost decreasing in the banking in California.Big banks had an advantage over small ones in both cost and output.Beston（1965,1972）found that whatever sizes are,if other restrict condition didn't change and the bank's size doubled,the average cost would decrease by 5% to 8%,which meaned that the significant effect of economy of scale existed in all banks in statistics.
(3)The relationship between business scale and competitiveness of banks
Kolar（1987） divided the 600 banks in America into four groups in terms of their business types and examined the hypothesis of business scale efficiency one by one.The result showed that with the premise of concerning and sharing information resources business,combined business had a lower cost than single business-----there was business scale efficiency in banking.The example analyses of Berger&Humhrey（1994）showed that the scale efficiency was very small in banking,and profits weren't affected by the diversity of products,so the products through the diversity of products only can lower the cost by 5% at most.
(4)The factors affecting bank efficiency
Berger and Mester（1997）found in their research that bank efficiency was affected by many factors,such as the concept of efficiency,the measuring methods,the sample choosing,the asset sizes and the organization forms.However,in terms of the efficiency's ineracting directions and results,some affecting factors were definite,while some were different by the different research results.Lozano-Vivas（2000）calculated cost efficiency of the Spainish banks and the French banks in his research,the result was different in case of not taking environment variables into account or taking it.In former case,Spanish banks had a lower cost than French banks,while in latter case,there was almost no difference.It showed that to adapt marketing competition,commercial banks should change their own structures in time to adapt the change of environmental factors,such as population density, demand intensity and per capita income.