神马作文网我想要初中的英语的语法总结~
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我想要初中的英语的语法总结~
1. 形容词的位置：
代名形容词＋数量形容词＋性状形容词＋名词
再细分如下：
1放在冠词前的形容词(all, both, such...)＋2冠词、指示形容词、所有形容词、不定形容词(the, a, an, this, that, your, some, any...)＋3序数(first, second...)＋4基数(one, two...)＋5性质、状态(kind, fine, good...)＋6大小、长短、形状(large, small, big...)＋7新旧、温度(old, new, hot...)＋8颜色(red, blue...)＋9国籍(Chinese, English, Japanese...)＋10材料(iron, brick, stone...)＋11名词、动名词(boy, house...)
2. some和any的用法：
（1）两者修饰可数单数名词,表某一个；任何一个； 修饰可数复数名词和不可数名词,表一些；有些.
〔2）一般的用法：some用于肯定句；any用于疑问句,否定句或条件句.
I am looking for some matches.
Do you have any matches? I do not have any matches.
〔3）特殊的用法：
(A) 在期望对方肯定的回答时,问句也用some.
Will you lend me some money? (=Please lend me some money.)
(B) any表任何或任何一个时,也可用于肯定句.
Come any day you like.
（4）some和any后没有名词时,当做代名词, 此外两者也可做副词.
Some of them are my students.〔代名词）
Is your mother any better?（副词）
3. many和much的用法：
〔1）many修饰复数可数名词,表许多； much修饰不可数名词,表量或程度.
He has many friends, but few true ones.
There hasn't been much good weather recently.
（2）many a:
many a和many同义,但语气比较强,并且要与单数名词及单数形动词连用.
Many a prisoner has been set free. (=Many prisoners have been set free.)
〔3〕as many和so many均等于the same number of. 前有as, like时, 只用so many.
These are not all the books I have. These are as many more upstairs.
They worked like so many ants.
（4）as much等于the same amount of, 表同量和同一事情.
He bought two pounds of sugar and as much tea. 〔同量）
I was not in the least surprised, for I had fully expected as much. 〔同一事情）
（5）many和much之后不接名词时,作为代名词；另外much也可用副词.
Many of them were very tired.
I don't eat much for lunch. 〔代名词）
He is much taller than I. （副词〕
4. (a) few和(a) little的用法：
(1) (a) few用在复数可数名词之前,(a) little用在不可数名词之前.
He took a few biscuits. (=several)
He took few biscuits(=not many)
He took a little butter. (=some)
He took little butter. (=not much)
(2) few可由bardly any或almost no所取代,含否定的意味.
The composition is well written; it has few (=hardly any) mistakes.
Few (=Almost no) men can solve it.
(3) a few相当于some, several, 含肯定的意味.
He has a few (=some or several) friends.
(4) a little和little之间的差别,就和a few和few的差别一样,只是(a) little须修饰不可数名词,表量或程度.
He grows worse; there is little hope of his recovery.
He is not much better, but there is a little hope.
5. 其他的数量形容词：
(1) plenty of, a lot of, lots of均表许多,修饰复数可数名词或不可数名词.
The room contained plenty of (or a lot of or lots of) students.（复数名词）
The room contained plenty of (or a lot of or lots of) furniture.（不可数名词）
(2) a great (or a good) deal of, a large (or a small) quantity of, a large (or a small) amount of, 均表（量）, 修饰不可数名词.
The room contained a great deal of furniture. （不可数名词）
The room contained a good deal of furniture. （不可数名词）
The room contained a large quantity of furniture. （不可数名词）
The room contained a large amount of furniture. （不可数名词）
The room contained a small quantity of furniture. （不可数名词）
The room contained a small amount of furniture. （不可数名词）
(3) a number of “许多；一些”；a great (large, good) number of “许多”,修饰复数可数名词,并且要与复数动词连用.
A number of books are missing from the library.
The number of books from the library is large.
（the number of ＋复数名词←→单数动词）
The room contained a great (or large or good) number of students.（复数可数名词）
(4) enough的用法：
(A) 可接复数可数名词和不可数名词.
There are enough chairs. （可数）
There is enough furniture. （不可数）
(B) 可放在年修饰名词的前后.
We don't have enough time. =We don't have time enough.
(5) hundreds of, dozens of, thousands of, scores of ＋复数可数名词
冠词或数词(one, two...) ＋ (hundred, dozen, thousand, score) 复数可数名词
(6) the rest of “其余的”, 可接复数可数名词及不可数名词,作主词时,接可数名词则用复数动词,接不可数名词则用单数动词.
The rest of the students are absent. （复数可数名词）
The rest of the water was thrown away. 不可数名词）
注：the rest作代名词, 等于 the others, 和复数动词连用.
6. 不可名词量的表示语：
(1) 不可数名词可加表单位的形容片语,表示数的观念.其公式为：
数词＋单位词＋of＋不可数名词
(2) 各类表单位的形容词片语.
(A) 物质名词：
a piece (suit) of armour;
a piece (slice) of cake;
a piece (an article) of furniture;
a piece of jewelry;
a piece (sheet) of paper;
a cake of soap;
a piece (slice) of bacon;
a piece (stick) of chalk;
a bit (blade) of grass;
a piece (strip) of land;
a bit (grain) of rice;
a bowl of soup;
(B) 抽象名词
a word of abuse;
an item (a bit) of business;
an attack of fever;
a bit (an amount) of interest;
a fit of passion;
a piece (word) of advice;
a piece of evidence;
a piece (an item) of information;
a piece (an item) of news;
(C) 自然现象：
a flash of lightening;
a bolt of thunder;
7. 名词种类的表示语：kind of, sort of, type of,
(1) 三者都可接可数名词及不可数名词,其后的冠词a (an)常被省略.
What kind of (a) pencil did you buy?
I don't like that sort of game.
(2) kind of, sort of, type of之前可加a, the, some, any, etc.
I had a kind of suspicion that he was cheating.
(3) 比较下列用法：（加*表非正式用法）
I don't like this (*those) kind of person.
I don't like many (or these) kinds of roses.
I like this kind of flower.
I like flowers of this kind.
I like *these kind of flowers.
I like this kind of roses.
I like roses of this kind. （置名词后更强调种类）
I like roses of these kinds.（置名词后更强调种类）
8. 数词：
(1) 基数(Cardinal numerals)：one, two, three...
(A) 除one接单数名词外,其余均接复数名词.
He has one sister and three brothers.
(B) hundred的后面须加and（但可以省略）.
12,345 = twelve thousand three hundred (and) forty five;
(2) 序数(Ordinal mumerals)：first, second, third...
(A) 序数前面必须附以定冠词.而a second, a third等,则是another的意思.
(B) 日期多用序数.
It's on Friday, the fifth of October (= October the fifth = October 15th).
(C) 序数的简体.
9th = the ninth; 12th = the twelfth; 16th = the sixteenth;
(3) 分数：
(A) 分数的表示法：第一,分子用基数,分母用序数.第二,分子大于2时,分母须加“s”以形成复数.
1/2 = a (one) half; 1/3 = a (one) third; 2/3 = two-thirds; 1/4 = a (one) quarter;
(B) 分数可接与不可数名词；所接的名词是单数,则与单数动词连用,是复数则与复数动词连用.
A third of the peach was bad.
A third of the bananas were bad.
(4) 倍数词：常用的有half, double, treble（三倍）等.
(A) half a, a half, half the ＋名词,表（一半的）.
He ran a half mile in half an hour.
He ran half a mile in half an hour.
I have read half the book.
(B) half还可作名词,代名词及副词.
Two halves make a whole. （名词）
This is half as much again as that. （副词）
(C) 倍数常用的表达法：
(half; double; treble; twice; two times; three times; four times...) ＋定冠词或所有形容词＋名词或所有代名词
I had to pay double (= twice) the usual fare.
That window is three times the size of this.
9. “数词＋名词”结合而成的形容词：
(1) 数词＋名词＝形容词
a five-dollar bill;
two three-hour periods;
the Three-power Conference(三强会议);
(2) 数词＋名词＋形容词＝形容词
a six-year-old boy;
a three-hundred-year-old tree;
注：上述的复合字是以hyphen(-)连结,而且其中的名词要用单数形式.
(3) 名词（无冠词）＋基数＝the ＋序数＋名词
World War Ⅱ= World War Two or the Second World War;
Vol. Ⅰ= Volume One or the First Volume;
Page 4 = page four or the fourth page;
Lesson 6 = lesson Six or the Sixth Lesson;
Chap. Ⅲ = Chapter Three or the Third Chapter;
Charles Ⅰ= Charles the First;
cf. Napoleon the Great = the Great Napoleon;
（这几种用法,非专有名词,可不用大写,但等号两边须一致.〕
(4) “数词＋复数名词”作主词,虽为复数形,但强调单一性,则用单数动词.若强调一个一个的个别数,则用复数动词.
Thirty minutes is sufficient for a good sermon.
Fifty dollars a month is a large sum in our eyes, but is nothing to him.
cf. Ten years have passed since I saw you last.
10. 各种数字的读法：
(1) 年号的读法：
1979←→nineteen seventy-nine or nineteen hundred (and) seventy-nine;
(2) 电话号码；货币的读法：
1023←→one o two three; 1227←→one double two (or two two) seven; $4.25←→four dollars (and) twenty-five (cents);
(3) 小数点的读法：
13.91←→thirteen decimal (point) nine one; 0.23 = nought demical two three;
(4) 算术式的读法：
2+3=5 Two plus three is (equals, is equal to) five.
5-3=2 Five minus three is equal to two.
3×2=6 Three times two is six. or Three by two are six.
9÷3=3 Nine divided by three makes three.
形容词（二〕：
1. 限定用法：形容词紧靠着〔代）名词,直接修饰该〔代）名词.
(1) 前位修饰：
(A) 字尾为en或表比较的形容词,大多只能作限定用法,放在名词的前面.
a wooden leg; earthen ware; his elder sister; the upper room, etc.
(B) 下列这些形容词只有限定用法,没有叙述用法.
upper; former; latter; outer; inner; utmost; mere; only; utter; main; certain; very; live; spare;
(C) 形容词前有so; no; too; how等字时,不定冠词应放在形容词之后.
He could not do it in so short a time.
He is no less remarkable a man than his elder brother (is).
(2) 后位修饰：
(A) 名词之后的数词＋名词＋old; long; high; wide; deep; etc.
a man eighty-five years old; a river two hundred miles long;
(B) 为加强语气或音调美,而将限定形容词放在后面.
He had a face thin and worn, but eager and resolute.
(C) something; anything; everyone; anybody... ＋ 形容词.
I'll tell you something very important.
That's nothing new.
(D) 由形容词子句省略主词和动词而不的过去（或现在）分词或形容词片语.
I have answered all the letters (which were) received (by me).
Alfred was a king anxious for his people's welfare.
2. 叙述用法：形容词作补语,间接地修饰〔代）名词.
He was awake all the night. 〔主词补语）
The noise kept me awake. 〔受词补语）
注：可作限定用法和叙述用法的形容词.
I have many trustworthy friends. 和 All of my friends are trustworthy.
It was a hot and sultry day. 和 The weather became hot and sultry.
3. 作补语的形容词：
(1) be＋形容词＋介系词：由此结合而成的片语,有些等于及物动词.
I am fond of skiing. = I like skiing.
He is afraid of it. = He fears it.
注：其他如：be capable of; be concerned with; be (un)familiar with (to); be late for; be subject to; be worthy of; etc.
(2) 某些已转化为形容词的过去分词,其后通常接at; about; with; in; of等介词.
John is interested in English grammar.
He was surprised at her behaviour.
(3) be＋形容词＋介系词：可接〔代）名词,动名词,或名词子句,但名词子句若是hat子句须省略介词,因that子句不可直接作介词的受词.
She was not aware of the facts.
She was not aware (of) how much her husband earned.
She was not aware that there is danger.
(4) It+ be ＋形容词＋that子句
It is true that she never came.
此类形容词有：certain; likely; obvious; plain; possible; true; etc.
(A) that子句中的假设法.
It is appropriate that he (should) get the post. （should可省略〕
(B) 人称形容词亦可接其他连接词引导的子句.
I'm not sure why he came.
I'm not clear where she went.
4. 有关worth; worth while; worthy的句型 如下:
(A) 主词(含it) + be worth + (动)名词
(B) It(虚主词) + be worth while + 不定词或动名词
(C) 主词 + be worthy + of + (动)名词
主词 + be worthy + 不定词
This book is worth reading. (= It is worth while to read this book. = This book is worthy of reading. = This book is worthy to be read.)
5. like和as: like只能作介词不能作连接词; as则两者都可.
I hoped to succeed as you have (succeeded).
I hoped to succeed like you.
I hope to succeed *like you have. (like作连词是非正式的用法)
冠词 (三)
1. 不定冠词的用法:
(1) a用在子音前; an用在母音前.
An hour
(2) 表同种类的全体, 此时a带有any的意味.
A dog is a faithful animal. (=Dogs are faithful animals.)
(3) 等于one.
I have a sister and two brothers.
(4) 等于the same.
Birds of a feather flock together.
(5) 等于per“每一.”.
We work eight hours a day. Ninety miles an hour;
(6) a = a certain, 表说话者不认识此人.
Do you know a Mr. Smith?
(7) 物质名词或抽象名词加a (an)即成普通名词,
Asparagus is a grass. (a = a kind of) ;
This is a good cloth for summer.
(8) “have (or take) + a + 抽象名词”,与抽象名词的动词形同义.
Let us take a swim. = Let us swim.
2. 定冠词的用法：
(1) 由于上下文的关系, 某名词所指的东西已非常明显, 或已有一定的范围, 该名词应加the.
Shut the door.
Please pass me the caster.
(2) 表该名词的总称.
The cow is a useful animal. (= Cows are useful animals.)
(3) 前面已提过的名词,再度提到时前面加the.
Once upon a time there was a little boy who lived in a cottage.
The cottage was in the country, and the boy lived there all his life.
(4) 用于为片语或子句所修饰的名词之前.
This is the book that I promised to lend you.
(5) 用在宇宙（独一无二）的天体名词之前.
The sun; the moon; the sky; the earth;
(6) 用在方位,方向等名词之前.
The sun rises in the east and set in the west.
(7) 乐器的名称前要加the.
To play the piano (violin, guitar, flute, etc.)
(8) 表示单位的名词前要加the.
Gasoline is sold by the gallon.
Meat is sold by the catty.
(9) 在最高级的形容词或序数(the first...)之前要加the.
Taiwan is the best place to live in.
(10)专有名词在下列情况可加the.
（A）海、河、运河的名称：The Thames; the Bahamas;
(B) 复数形的专有名词: The West Indies; the Bahamas;
（C）船泊的名称: The Queen Mary; the Flying Scotsman; the Comet;
(D) 书报、杂志、经典的名称： the Times; the Central Daily News; the Koran;
(E) 公共建筑、机关的名称: The Ritz Hotel; the Ministry of Education;
(F) 国民的总称: the French; the Japanese; the Chinese;
(G) 用在姓氏的复数前指其全家人: The Chens will move to the country.
3. 冠词的省略:
(1) 称呼语之前不加冠词.
Waiter, bring my bill, please.
(2) 家庭称谓如父母兄弟前不加冠词,甚至佣人也都不需加冠词.
Father is out, but Mother is at home.
Cook has made mince-pies for Christmas.
(3) 三餐名称前不加冠词.
Come to dinner (breakfast, lunch) with me.
(4) 运动、游戏、颜色、感官的名词前不加冠词.
He likes basketball.
White is a beautiful color.
Do you play bridge?
Sight is one of the five senses.
(5) 表官职、身份或亲属关系的名词当补语,或作同位语时不加冠词.
He was elected president.
George Ⅵ, King of England.
(6) School; church; hospital等字,指原有的用途时不加冠词,若指建筑物本身或场所时,则要加冠词.
School begins at eight. （school作抽象名词用）
The school stands on the hill. （school指建筑物）
(7) 两个相对的名词并用时不加冠词.
Arm in arm; day by day; man to man; young and old;
副词 (四)(Red修饰Blue)
1. 副词的用法:
(1) 修饰动词: He works hard. He speaks slowly.
(2) 修饰形容词: The flower is very beautiful.
(3) 修饰其他副词: He works very hard.
(4) 修饰名词: Even a child (or Even he) can do it.
(5) 修饰全句: Probably he will come back.
(6) 修饰副词片语: He came exactly at two o’clock.
(7) 修饰副词子句: He started soon after we came.
2. 副词的位置
(1) 副词修饰形容词、副词（片语或子句）时,通常放在前面.
The mountain is very beautiful.
He came long before the appointed time.
(2) 修饰动词的副词
不及物动词 + 副词 She speaks well.
及物动词 + 受词 + 副词 She speaks English well.
(3) 表确定时间或场所的副词, 通常放在句首或句末, 放在句首时语气较强.
She was born in Taipei in 1948.
(4) always, never, often, sometimes, usually等频率副词的位置.
(A) 在一般动词前: They always say so.
(B) 有动词be时,在be动词后: I am always busy.
(C) 有助动词时, 在助动词和本动词间: This job will never be finished.
(5) 置于句首修饰全句: Fortunately he succeeded in the examination.
(6) 同类两个以上的副词须依 (单位较小者 + 单位较大者) 的顺序排列.
He lives at Taichung, in Taiwan, Republic of China.
(7) 有两个以上不同种类的副词修饰语时, 其顺序为: 地点+状态+次数+时间.
She arrived there safely the other day.
3. 时间副词
(1) Time“时候”: 可以用作when的答语, 如: late ( = at a late time), now ( = at this time), presently (= at the present time), then ( = at that time), just, nowadays, today, etc.
I’ve just heard that you are leaving us. ( = at this very moment)
Nowadays, many teenagers have long hair. ( = at the present time)
注: 两个以上表时间的副词须依“单位小的时间＋单位大的时间”排列.
I’ll see you at nine on Monday.
(2) Duration“期间” : 用来作how long的答语,如：
momentarily, temporarily, for many weeks, long, from May till August, etc.
Has he been ill long? Yes, he has been ill since the end of May.
He was away from school (for) four or five weeks.
(3) Frequency“频率”: 用来作how often的答语,可分两种：
(A) 非限定频率：always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, ever, etc.
The sun always rises in the east. My brother rarely writes to me.
(B) 限定频率：daily, hourly, monthly, annually, twice, everyday, once, etc.
I have been in Singapore once.
We have English lessons every other day.
注：以上三种时间副词在一起时,其顺序为“期间＋频率＋时间”.
I was there for a day or so every year during my childhood.
注： Seldom, rarely, never等有否定意义的频率副词置于句首,要将助动词或be动词放在主词之前.
Seldom do we hear such fine singing from school choirs.
4.地方副词: 表示where?的副词,也包括“动态方向”的副词,如：
below, by, down, elsewhere, far, here, home, in, locally, near, off, opposite, out, around, away, back, outward(s), right, sideway(s), upward(s), etc.
(1) 地方副词通常置于句尾,加强语气时可放在句首.
He lives in a small village. They are not there.
(2) 两个地放副词并列时,地方确定的副词在后面,地方不确定的副词在前面.
The children running around upstairs.
(3) 两个以上的地方副词须依“小地方＋大地方”的顺序排列.
Many people eat in restaurants in London.
5. 几个特殊副词的用法：
(1) enough, too,
(A) enough放在所修饰的形容词和副词后面; too放在形容词和副词前面.
She’s old enough to do some work.
She’s too old to do any work.
(B) too...to + 动词“太…而不能”, enough to + 动词“足够可以”(= so...that)
I am too poor to afford such extravagance.
= I am so poor that I cannot afford such extravagance.
You are rich enough to keep a maid.
= You are so rich that you can keep a maid.
(2) very, much,
(A) very修饰形容词,副词； much (或very much)修饰动词.
He spoke very carefully.
It is much talked about these days.
(B) Very修饰原级形容词及副词；much修饰比较级,最高级的形容词及副词.
Your work is very good.
This is much better.
This is much (by far) the best.
(3) already, yet, still,
(A) Already用于肯定句,作“已经”解； yet用于否定句,作“还”解,用于疑问句作“已经”解.
I already like him. (= I have by this time come to like him.)
He can’t drive yet. (= He can’t drive up to this time.)
注：Already用在疑问句或否定句时,表惊讶.
Have you already seen him? (= That was quick.)
(B) Still表动作或状态的持续,作“仍然”解.
I still like him. (= I continue to like him.)
注：Still放在动词前后,有时句意不同.
He is still standing. (continue to stand)
He is standing still. (= standing motionless)
(4)only和 also常随句中位置的变动,句意和语气也会改变.
Only John phoned Mary today.
John phoned only Mary today.
John phoned Mary only today (today only).
(5) just, merely, purely, simply等字放在所修饰的词语之前；
代名形容词＋数量形容词＋性状形容词＋名词
再细分如下：
1放在冠词前的形容词(all, both, such...)＋2冠词、指示形容词、所有形容词、不定形容词(the, a, an, this, that, your, some, any...)＋3序数(first, second...)＋4基数(one, two...)＋5性质、状态(kind, fine, good...)＋6大小、长短、形状(large, small, big...)＋7新旧、温度(old, new, hot...)＋8颜色(red, blue...)＋9国籍(Chinese, English, Japanese...)＋10材料(iron, brick, stone...)＋11名词、动名词(boy, house...)
2. some和any的用法：
（1）两者修饰可数单数名词,表某一个；任何一个； 修饰可数复数名词和不可数名词,表一些；有些.
〔2）一般的用法：some用于肯定句；any用于疑问句,否定句或条件句.
I am looking for some matches.
Do you have any matches? I do not have any matches.
〔3）特殊的用法：
(A) 在期望对方肯定的回答时,问句也用some.
Will you lend me some money? (=Please lend me some money.)
(B) any表任何或任何一个时,也可用于肯定句.
Come any day you like.
（4）some和any后没有名词时,当做代名词, 此外两者也可做副词.
Some of them are my students.〔代名词）
Is your mother any better?（副词）
3. many和much的用法：
〔1）many修饰复数可数名词,表许多； much修饰不可数名词,表量或程度.
He has many friends, but few true ones.
There hasn't been much good weather recently.
（2）many a:
many a和many同义,但语气比较强,并且要与单数名词及单数形动词连用.
Many a prisoner has been set free. (=Many prisoners have been set free.)
〔3〕as many和so many均等于the same number of. 前有as, like时, 只用so many.
These are not all the books I have. These are as many more upstairs.
They worked like so many ants.
（4）as much等于the same amount of, 表同量和同一事情.
He bought two pounds of sugar and as much tea. 〔同量）
I was not in the least surprised, for I had fully expected as much. 〔同一事情）
（5）many和much之后不接名词时,作为代名词；另外much也可用副词.
Many of them were very tired.
I don't eat much for lunch. 〔代名词）
He is much taller than I. （副词〕
4. (a) few和(a) little的用法：
(1) (a) few用在复数可数名词之前,(a) little用在不可数名词之前.
He took a few biscuits. (=several)
He took few biscuits(=not many)
He took a little butter. (=some)
He took little butter. (=not much)
(2) few可由bardly any或almost no所取代,含否定的意味.
The composition is well written; it has few (=hardly any) mistakes.
Few (=Almost no) men can solve it.
(3) a few相当于some, several, 含肯定的意味.
He has a few (=some or several) friends.
(4) a little和little之间的差别,就和a few和few的差别一样,只是(a) little须修饰不可数名词,表量或程度.
He grows worse; there is little hope of his recovery.
He is not much better, but there is a little hope.
5. 其他的数量形容词：
(1) plenty of, a lot of, lots of均表许多,修饰复数可数名词或不可数名词.
The room contained plenty of (or a lot of or lots of) students.（复数名词）
The room contained plenty of (or a lot of or lots of) furniture.（不可数名词）
(2) a great (or a good) deal of, a large (or a small) quantity of, a large (or a small) amount of, 均表（量）, 修饰不可数名词.
The room contained a great deal of furniture. （不可数名词）
The room contained a good deal of furniture. （不可数名词）
The room contained a large quantity of furniture. （不可数名词）
The room contained a large amount of furniture. （不可数名词）
The room contained a small quantity of furniture. （不可数名词）
The room contained a small amount of furniture. （不可数名词）
(3) a number of “许多；一些”；a great (large, good) number of “许多”,修饰复数可数名词,并且要与复数动词连用.
A number of books are missing from the library.
The number of books from the library is large.
（the number of ＋复数名词←→单数动词）
The room contained a great (or large or good) number of students.（复数可数名词）
(4) enough的用法：
(A) 可接复数可数名词和不可数名词.
There are enough chairs. （可数）
There is enough furniture. （不可数）
(B) 可放在年修饰名词的前后.
We don't have enough time. =We don't have time enough.
(5) hundreds of, dozens of, thousands of, scores of ＋复数可数名词
冠词或数词(one, two...) ＋ (hundred, dozen, thousand, score) 复数可数名词
(6) the rest of “其余的”, 可接复数可数名词及不可数名词,作主词时,接可数名词则用复数动词,接不可数名词则用单数动词.
The rest of the students are absent. （复数可数名词）
The rest of the water was thrown away. 不可数名词）
注：the rest作代名词, 等于 the others, 和复数动词连用.
6. 不可名词量的表示语：
(1) 不可数名词可加表单位的形容片语,表示数的观念.其公式为：
数词＋单位词＋of＋不可数名词
(2) 各类表单位的形容词片语.
(A) 物质名词：
a piece (suit) of armour;
a piece (slice) of cake;
a piece (an article) of furniture;
a piece of jewelry;
a piece (sheet) of paper;
a cake of soap;
a piece (slice) of bacon;
a piece (stick) of chalk;
a bit (blade) of grass;
a piece (strip) of land;
a bit (grain) of rice;
a bowl of soup;
(B) 抽象名词
a word of abuse;
an item (a bit) of business;
an attack of fever;
a bit (an amount) of interest;
a fit of passion;
a piece (word) of advice;
a piece of evidence;
a piece (an item) of information;
a piece (an item) of news;
(C) 自然现象：
a flash of lightening;
a bolt of thunder;
7. 名词种类的表示语：kind of, sort of, type of,
(1) 三者都可接可数名词及不可数名词,其后的冠词a (an)常被省略.
What kind of (a) pencil did you buy?
I don't like that sort of game.
(2) kind of, sort of, type of之前可加a, the, some, any, etc.
I had a kind of suspicion that he was cheating.
(3) 比较下列用法：（加*表非正式用法）
I don't like this (*those) kind of person.
I don't like many (or these) kinds of roses.
I like this kind of flower.
I like flowers of this kind.
I like *these kind of flowers.
I like this kind of roses.
I like roses of this kind. （置名词后更强调种类）
I like roses of these kinds.（置名词后更强调种类）
8. 数词：
(1) 基数(Cardinal numerals)：one, two, three...
(A) 除one接单数名词外,其余均接复数名词.
He has one sister and three brothers.
(B) hundred的后面须加and（但可以省略）.
12,345 = twelve thousand three hundred (and) forty five;
(2) 序数(Ordinal mumerals)：first, second, third...
(A) 序数前面必须附以定冠词.而a second, a third等,则是another的意思.
(B) 日期多用序数.
It's on Friday, the fifth of October (= October the fifth = October 15th).
(C) 序数的简体.
9th = the ninth; 12th = the twelfth; 16th = the sixteenth;
(3) 分数：
(A) 分数的表示法：第一,分子用基数,分母用序数.第二,分子大于2时,分母须加“s”以形成复数.
1/2 = a (one) half; 1/3 = a (one) third; 2/3 = two-thirds; 1/4 = a (one) quarter;
(B) 分数可接与不可数名词；所接的名词是单数,则与单数动词连用,是复数则与复数动词连用.
A third of the peach was bad.
A third of the bananas were bad.
(4) 倍数词：常用的有half, double, treble（三倍）等.
(A) half a, a half, half the ＋名词,表（一半的）.
He ran a half mile in half an hour.
He ran half a mile in half an hour.
I have read half the book.
(B) half还可作名词,代名词及副词.
Two halves make a whole. （名词）
This is half as much again as that. （副词）
(C) 倍数常用的表达法：
(half; double; treble; twice; two times; three times; four times...) ＋定冠词或所有形容词＋名词或所有代名词
I had to pay double (= twice) the usual fare.
That window is three times the size of this.
9. “数词＋名词”结合而成的形容词：
(1) 数词＋名词＝形容词
a five-dollar bill;
two three-hour periods;
the Three-power Conference(三强会议);
(2) 数词＋名词＋形容词＝形容词
a six-year-old boy;
a three-hundred-year-old tree;
注：上述的复合字是以hyphen(-)连结,而且其中的名词要用单数形式.
(3) 名词（无冠词）＋基数＝the ＋序数＋名词
World War Ⅱ= World War Two or the Second World War;
Vol. Ⅰ= Volume One or the First Volume;
Page 4 = page four or the fourth page;
Lesson 6 = lesson Six or the Sixth Lesson;
Chap. Ⅲ = Chapter Three or the Third Chapter;
Charles Ⅰ= Charles the First;
cf. Napoleon the Great = the Great Napoleon;
（这几种用法,非专有名词,可不用大写,但等号两边须一致.〕
(4) “数词＋复数名词”作主词,虽为复数形,但强调单一性,则用单数动词.若强调一个一个的个别数,则用复数动词.
Thirty minutes is sufficient for a good sermon.
Fifty dollars a month is a large sum in our eyes, but is nothing to him.
cf. Ten years have passed since I saw you last.
10. 各种数字的读法：
(1) 年号的读法：
1979←→nineteen seventy-nine or nineteen hundred (and) seventy-nine;
(2) 电话号码；货币的读法：
1023←→one o two three; 1227←→one double two (or two two) seven; $4.25←→four dollars (and) twenty-five (cents);
(3) 小数点的读法：
13.91←→thirteen decimal (point) nine one; 0.23 = nought demical two three;
(4) 算术式的读法：
2+3=5 Two plus three is (equals, is equal to) five.
5-3=2 Five minus three is equal to two.
3×2=6 Three times two is six. or Three by two are six.
9÷3=3 Nine divided by three makes three.
形容词（二〕：
1. 限定用法：形容词紧靠着〔代）名词,直接修饰该〔代）名词.
(1) 前位修饰：
(A) 字尾为en或表比较的形容词,大多只能作限定用法,放在名词的前面.
a wooden leg; earthen ware; his elder sister; the upper room, etc.
(B) 下列这些形容词只有限定用法,没有叙述用法.
upper; former; latter; outer; inner; utmost; mere; only; utter; main; certain; very; live; spare;
(C) 形容词前有so; no; too; how等字时,不定冠词应放在形容词之后.
He could not do it in so short a time.
He is no less remarkable a man than his elder brother (is).
(2) 后位修饰：
(A) 名词之后的数词＋名词＋old; long; high; wide; deep; etc.
a man eighty-five years old; a river two hundred miles long;
(B) 为加强语气或音调美,而将限定形容词放在后面.
He had a face thin and worn, but eager and resolute.
(C) something; anything; everyone; anybody... ＋ 形容词.
I'll tell you something very important.
That's nothing new.
(D) 由形容词子句省略主词和动词而不的过去（或现在）分词或形容词片语.
I have answered all the letters (which were) received (by me).
Alfred was a king anxious for his people's welfare.
2. 叙述用法：形容词作补语,间接地修饰〔代）名词.
He was awake all the night. 〔主词补语）
The noise kept me awake. 〔受词补语）
注：可作限定用法和叙述用法的形容词.
I have many trustworthy friends. 和 All of my friends are trustworthy.
It was a hot and sultry day. 和 The weather became hot and sultry.
3. 作补语的形容词：
(1) be＋形容词＋介系词：由此结合而成的片语,有些等于及物动词.
I am fond of skiing. = I like skiing.
He is afraid of it. = He fears it.
注：其他如：be capable of; be concerned with; be (un)familiar with (to); be late for; be subject to; be worthy of; etc.
(2) 某些已转化为形容词的过去分词,其后通常接at; about; with; in; of等介词.
John is interested in English grammar.
He was surprised at her behaviour.
(3) be＋形容词＋介系词：可接〔代）名词,动名词,或名词子句,但名词子句若是hat子句须省略介词,因that子句不可直接作介词的受词.
She was not aware of the facts.
She was not aware (of) how much her husband earned.
She was not aware that there is danger.
(4) It+ be ＋形容词＋that子句
It is true that she never came.
此类形容词有：certain; likely; obvious; plain; possible; true; etc.
(A) that子句中的假设法.
It is appropriate that he (should) get the post. （should可省略〕
(B) 人称形容词亦可接其他连接词引导的子句.
I'm not sure why he came.
I'm not clear where she went.
4. 有关worth; worth while; worthy的句型 如下:
(A) 主词(含it) + be worth + (动)名词
(B) It(虚主词) + be worth while + 不定词或动名词
(C) 主词 + be worthy + of + (动)名词
主词 + be worthy + 不定词
This book is worth reading. (= It is worth while to read this book. = This book is worthy of reading. = This book is worthy to be read.)
5. like和as: like只能作介词不能作连接词; as则两者都可.
I hoped to succeed as you have (succeeded).
I hoped to succeed like you.
I hope to succeed *like you have. (like作连词是非正式的用法)
冠词 (三)
1. 不定冠词的用法:
(1) a用在子音前; an用在母音前.
An hour
(2) 表同种类的全体, 此时a带有any的意味.
A dog is a faithful animal. (=Dogs are faithful animals.)
(3) 等于one.
I have a sister and two brothers.
(4) 等于the same.
Birds of a feather flock together.
(5) 等于per“每一.”.
We work eight hours a day. Ninety miles an hour;
(6) a = a certain, 表说话者不认识此人.
Do you know a Mr. Smith?
(7) 物质名词或抽象名词加a (an)即成普通名词,
Asparagus is a grass. (a = a kind of) ;
This is a good cloth for summer.
(8) “have (or take) + a + 抽象名词”,与抽象名词的动词形同义.
Let us take a swim. = Let us swim.
2. 定冠词的用法：
(1) 由于上下文的关系, 某名词所指的东西已非常明显, 或已有一定的范围, 该名词应加the.
Shut the door.
Please pass me the caster.
(2) 表该名词的总称.
The cow is a useful animal. (= Cows are useful animals.)
(3) 前面已提过的名词,再度提到时前面加the.
Once upon a time there was a little boy who lived in a cottage.
The cottage was in the country, and the boy lived there all his life.
(4) 用于为片语或子句所修饰的名词之前.
This is the book that I promised to lend you.
(5) 用在宇宙（独一无二）的天体名词之前.
The sun; the moon; the sky; the earth;
(6) 用在方位,方向等名词之前.
The sun rises in the east and set in the west.
(7) 乐器的名称前要加the.
To play the piano (violin, guitar, flute, etc.)
(8) 表示单位的名词前要加the.
Gasoline is sold by the gallon.
Meat is sold by the catty.
(9) 在最高级的形容词或序数(the first...)之前要加the.
Taiwan is the best place to live in.
(10)专有名词在下列情况可加the.
（A）海、河、运河的名称：The Thames; the Bahamas;
(B) 复数形的专有名词: The West Indies; the Bahamas;
（C）船泊的名称: The Queen Mary; the Flying Scotsman; the Comet;
(D) 书报、杂志、经典的名称： the Times; the Central Daily News; the Koran;
(E) 公共建筑、机关的名称: The Ritz Hotel; the Ministry of Education;
(F) 国民的总称: the French; the Japanese; the Chinese;
(G) 用在姓氏的复数前指其全家人: The Chens will move to the country.
3. 冠词的省略:
(1) 称呼语之前不加冠词.
Waiter, bring my bill, please.
(2) 家庭称谓如父母兄弟前不加冠词,甚至佣人也都不需加冠词.
Father is out, but Mother is at home.
Cook has made mince-pies for Christmas.
(3) 三餐名称前不加冠词.
Come to dinner (breakfast, lunch) with me.
(4) 运动、游戏、颜色、感官的名词前不加冠词.
He likes basketball.
White is a beautiful color.
Do you play bridge?
Sight is one of the five senses.
(5) 表官职、身份或亲属关系的名词当补语,或作同位语时不加冠词.
He was elected president.
George Ⅵ, King of England.
(6) School; church; hospital等字,指原有的用途时不加冠词,若指建筑物本身或场所时,则要加冠词.
School begins at eight. （school作抽象名词用）
The school stands on the hill. （school指建筑物）
(7) 两个相对的名词并用时不加冠词.
Arm in arm; day by day; man to man; young and old;
副词 (四)(Red修饰Blue)
1. 副词的用法:
(1) 修饰动词: He works hard. He speaks slowly.
(2) 修饰形容词: The flower is very beautiful.
(3) 修饰其他副词: He works very hard.
(4) 修饰名词: Even a child (or Even he) can do it.
(5) 修饰全句: Probably he will come back.
(6) 修饰副词片语: He came exactly at two o’clock.
(7) 修饰副词子句: He started soon after we came.
2. 副词的位置
(1) 副词修饰形容词、副词（片语或子句）时,通常放在前面.
The mountain is very beautiful.
He came long before the appointed time.
(2) 修饰动词的副词
不及物动词 + 副词 She speaks well.
及物动词 + 受词 + 副词 She speaks English well.
(3) 表确定时间或场所的副词, 通常放在句首或句末, 放在句首时语气较强.
She was born in Taipei in 1948.
(4) always, never, often, sometimes, usually等频率副词的位置.
(A) 在一般动词前: They always say so.
(B) 有动词be时,在be动词后: I am always busy.
(C) 有助动词时, 在助动词和本动词间: This job will never be finished.
(5) 置于句首修饰全句: Fortunately he succeeded in the examination.
(6) 同类两个以上的副词须依 (单位较小者 + 单位较大者) 的顺序排列.
He lives at Taichung, in Taiwan, Republic of China.
(7) 有两个以上不同种类的副词修饰语时, 其顺序为: 地点+状态+次数+时间.
She arrived there safely the other day.
3. 时间副词
(1) Time“时候”: 可以用作when的答语, 如: late ( = at a late time), now ( = at this time), presently (= at the present time), then ( = at that time), just, nowadays, today, etc.
I’ve just heard that you are leaving us. ( = at this very moment)
Nowadays, many teenagers have long hair. ( = at the present time)
注: 两个以上表时间的副词须依“单位小的时间＋单位大的时间”排列.
I’ll see you at nine on Monday.
(2) Duration“期间” : 用来作how long的答语,如：
momentarily, temporarily, for many weeks, long, from May till August, etc.
Has he been ill long? Yes, he has been ill since the end of May.
He was away from school (for) four or five weeks.
(3) Frequency“频率”: 用来作how often的答语,可分两种：
(A) 非限定频率：always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, ever, etc.
The sun always rises in the east. My brother rarely writes to me.
(B) 限定频率：daily, hourly, monthly, annually, twice, everyday, once, etc.
I have been in Singapore once.
We have English lessons every other day.
注：以上三种时间副词在一起时,其顺序为“期间＋频率＋时间”.
I was there for a day or so every year during my childhood.
注： Seldom, rarely, never等有否定意义的频率副词置于句首,要将助动词或be动词放在主词之前.
Seldom do we hear such fine singing from school choirs.
4.地方副词: 表示where?的副词,也包括“动态方向”的副词,如：
below, by, down, elsewhere, far, here, home, in, locally, near, off, opposite, out, around, away, back, outward(s), right, sideway(s), upward(s), etc.
(1) 地方副词通常置于句尾,加强语气时可放在句首.
He lives in a small village. They are not there.
(2) 两个地放副词并列时,地方确定的副词在后面,地方不确定的副词在前面.
The children running around upstairs.
(3) 两个以上的地方副词须依“小地方＋大地方”的顺序排列.
Many people eat in restaurants in London.
5. 几个特殊副词的用法：
(1) enough, too,
(A) enough放在所修饰的形容词和副词后面; too放在形容词和副词前面.
She’s old enough to do some work.
She’s too old to do any work.
(B) too...to + 动词“太…而不能”, enough to + 动词“足够可以”(= so...that)
I am too poor to afford such extravagance.
= I am so poor that I cannot afford such extravagance.
You are rich enough to keep a maid.
= You are so rich that you can keep a maid.
(2) very, much,
(A) very修饰形容词,副词； much (或very much)修饰动词.
He spoke very carefully.
It is much talked about these days.
(B) Very修饰原级形容词及副词；much修饰比较级,最高级的形容词及副词.
Your work is very good.
This is much better.
This is much (by far) the best.
(3) already, yet, still,
(A) Already用于肯定句,作“已经”解； yet用于否定句,作“还”解,用于疑问句作“已经”解.
I already like him. (= I have by this time come to like him.)
He can’t drive yet. (= He can’t drive up to this time.)
注：Already用在疑问句或否定句时,表惊讶.
Have you already seen him? (= That was quick.)
(B) Still表动作或状态的持续,作“仍然”解.
I still like him. (= I continue to like him.)
注：Still放在动词前后,有时句意不同.
He is still standing. (continue to stand)
He is standing still. (= standing motionless)
(4)only和 also常随句中位置的变动,句意和语气也会改变.
Only John phoned Mary today.
John phoned only Mary today.
John phoned Mary only today (today only).
(5) just, merely, purely, simply等字放在所修饰的词语之前；