#[17] ______ full preparations,the President referred to his

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#[17] ______ full preparations,the President referred to his notes now and then giving the speech.
A.Not having made
B.Not made
C.Not to have made
D.Not to make
请帮忙翻译并分析.

翻译：（因为）没有做好充分的准备,总统/校长/董事长做演讲时时不时地查阅自己的笔记/摘记.
此题考查非谓语结构做句子状语的用法.
1.不定式放在句首说,一般只能做目的状语,此时句意“为了没有做好充分准备,...”明显不通,排除CD；
2.过去分词made做状语时,表明句子主语（即made的逻辑主语）the President和make full preparations之间为被动关系,也明显不对,排除B.
3.句子主语the President和make full preparations之间明显为主动关系,本应该使用making full.
但是考虑到状语动作not make full preparations发生在谓语动作referred to之前,所以使用现在分词的完成形式having done sth更佳,所以答案A为最佳.
4.另：现在分词/过去分词的否定式,须在Ving/V-ed前面直接加上not即可；
不定式的否定形式,则是在to前面加上not.
所以,最终的正确答案为A Not having made...

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