神马作文网培根 英文介绍!
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培根 英文介绍!
Sir Francis Bacon (later Lord Verulam and the Viscount St.Albans) was an English lawyer,statesman,essayist,historian,intellectual reformer,philosopher,and champion of modern science.Early in his career he claimed 鈥渁ll knowledge as his province鈥 and afterwards dedicated himself to a wholesale revaluation and re-structuring of traditional learning.To take the place of the established tradition (a miscellany of Scholasticism,humanism,and natural magic),he proposed an entirely new system based on empirical and inductive principles and the active development of new arts and inventions,a system whose ultimate goal would be the production of practical knowledge for 鈥渢he use and benefit of men鈥 and the relief of the human condition.
At the same time that he was founding and promoting this new project for the advancement of learning,Bacon was also moving up the ladder of state service.His career aspirations had been largely disappointed under Elizabeth I,but with the ascension of James his political fortunes rose.Knighted in 1603,he was then steadily promoted to a series of offices,including Solicitor General (1607),Attorney General (1613),and eventually Lord Chancellor (1618).While serving as Chancellor,he was indicted on charges of bribery and forced to leave public office.He then retired to his estate where he devoted himself full time to his continuing literary,scientific,and philosophical work.He died in 1626,leaving behind a cultural legacy that,for better or worse,includes most of the foundation for the triumph of technology and for the modern world as we currently know it.
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Table of Contents (Clicking on the links below will take you to those parts of this article)
1.Life and Political Career
2.Thought and Writings
a.Literary Works
b.The New Atlantis
c.Scientific and Philosophical Works
d.The Great Instauration
e.The Advancement of Learning
f.The 鈥淒istempers鈥 of Learning
g.The Idea of Progress
h.The Reclassification of Knowledge
i.The New Organon
j.The Idols
k.Induction
3.Reputation and Cultural Legacy
4.References and Further Reading
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1.Life and Political Career
Sir Francis Bacon (later Lord Verulam,the Viscount St.Albans,and Lord Chancellor of England) was born in London in 1561 to a prominent and well-connected family.His parents were Sir Nicholas Bacon,the Lord Keeper of the Seal,and Lady Anne Cooke,daughter of Sir Anthony Cooke,a knight and one-time tutor to the royal family.Lady Anne was a learned woman in her own right,having acquired Greek and Latin as well as Italian and French.She was a sister-in-law both to Sir Thomas Hoby,the esteemed English translator of Castiglione,and to Sir William Cecil (later Lord Burghley),Lord Treasurer,chief counselor to Elizabeth I,and from 1572-1598 the most powerful man in England.
Bacon was educated at home at the family estate at Gorhambury in Herfordshire.In 1573,at the age of just twelve,he entered Trinity College,Cambridge,where the stodgy Scholastic curriculum triggered his lifelong opposition to Aristotelianism (though not to the works of Aristotle himself).
In 1576 Bacon began reading law at Gray鈥檚 Inn.Yet only a year later he interrupted his studies in order to take a position in the diplomatic service in France as an assistant to the ambassador.In 1579,while he was still in France,his father died,leaving him (as the second son of a second marriage and the youngest of six heirs) virtually without support.With no position,no land,no income,and no immediate prospects,he returned to England and resumed the study of law.
Bacon completed his law degree in 1582,and in 1588 he was named lecturer in legal studies at Gray鈥檚 Inn.In the meantime,he was elected to Parliament in 1584 as a member for Melcombe in Dorsetshire.He would remain in Parliament as a representative for various constituencies for the next 36 years.
In 1593 his blunt criticism of a new tax levy resulted in an unfortunate setback to his career expectations,the Queen taking personal offense at his opposition.Any hopes he had of becoming Attorney General or Solicitor General during her reign were dashed,though Elizabeth eventually relented to the extent of appointing Bacon her Extraordinary Counsel in 1596.
It was around this time that Bacon entered the service of Robert Devereux,the Earl of Essex,a dashing courtier,soldier,plotter of intrigue,and sometime favorite of the Queen.No doubt Bacon viewed Essex as a rising star and a figure who could provide a much-needed boost to his own sagging career.Unfortunately,it was not long before Essex鈥檚 own fortunes plummeted following a series of military and political blunders culminating in a disastrous coup attempt.When the coup plot failed,Devereux was arrested,tried,and eventually executed,with Bacon,in his capacity as Queen鈥檚 Counsel,playing a vital role in the prosecution of the case.
In 1603,James I succeeded Elizabeth,and Bacon鈥檚 prospects for advancement dramatically improved.After being knighted by the king,he swiftly ascended the ladder of state and from 1604-1618 filled a succession of high-profile advisory positions:
At the same time that he was founding and promoting this new project for the advancement of learning,Bacon was also moving up the ladder of state service.His career aspirations had been largely disappointed under Elizabeth I,but with the ascension of James his political fortunes rose.Knighted in 1603,he was then steadily promoted to a series of offices,including Solicitor General (1607),Attorney General (1613),and eventually Lord Chancellor (1618).While serving as Chancellor,he was indicted on charges of bribery and forced to leave public office.He then retired to his estate where he devoted himself full time to his continuing literary,scientific,and philosophical work.He died in 1626,leaving behind a cultural legacy that,for better or worse,includes most of the foundation for the triumph of technology and for the modern world as we currently know it.
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Table of Contents (Clicking on the links below will take you to those parts of this article)
1.Life and Political Career
2.Thought and Writings
a.Literary Works
b.The New Atlantis
c.Scientific and Philosophical Works
d.The Great Instauration
e.The Advancement of Learning
f.The 鈥淒istempers鈥 of Learning
g.The Idea of Progress
h.The Reclassification of Knowledge
i.The New Organon
j.The Idols
k.Induction
3.Reputation and Cultural Legacy
4.References and Further Reading
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1.Life and Political Career
Sir Francis Bacon (later Lord Verulam,the Viscount St.Albans,and Lord Chancellor of England) was born in London in 1561 to a prominent and well-connected family.His parents were Sir Nicholas Bacon,the Lord Keeper of the Seal,and Lady Anne Cooke,daughter of Sir Anthony Cooke,a knight and one-time tutor to the royal family.Lady Anne was a learned woman in her own right,having acquired Greek and Latin as well as Italian and French.She was a sister-in-law both to Sir Thomas Hoby,the esteemed English translator of Castiglione,and to Sir William Cecil (later Lord Burghley),Lord Treasurer,chief counselor to Elizabeth I,and from 1572-1598 the most powerful man in England.
Bacon was educated at home at the family estate at Gorhambury in Herfordshire.In 1573,at the age of just twelve,he entered Trinity College,Cambridge,where the stodgy Scholastic curriculum triggered his lifelong opposition to Aristotelianism (though not to the works of Aristotle himself).
In 1576 Bacon began reading law at Gray鈥檚 Inn.Yet only a year later he interrupted his studies in order to take a position in the diplomatic service in France as an assistant to the ambassador.In 1579,while he was still in France,his father died,leaving him (as the second son of a second marriage and the youngest of six heirs) virtually without support.With no position,no land,no income,and no immediate prospects,he returned to England and resumed the study of law.
Bacon completed his law degree in 1582,and in 1588 he was named lecturer in legal studies at Gray鈥檚 Inn.In the meantime,he was elected to Parliament in 1584 as a member for Melcombe in Dorsetshire.He would remain in Parliament as a representative for various constituencies for the next 36 years.
In 1593 his blunt criticism of a new tax levy resulted in an unfortunate setback to his career expectations,the Queen taking personal offense at his opposition.Any hopes he had of becoming Attorney General or Solicitor General during her reign were dashed,though Elizabeth eventually relented to the extent of appointing Bacon her Extraordinary Counsel in 1596.
It was around this time that Bacon entered the service of Robert Devereux,the Earl of Essex,a dashing courtier,soldier,plotter of intrigue,and sometime favorite of the Queen.No doubt Bacon viewed Essex as a rising star and a figure who could provide a much-needed boost to his own sagging career.Unfortunately,it was not long before Essex鈥檚 own fortunes plummeted following a series of military and political blunders culminating in a disastrous coup attempt.When the coup plot failed,Devereux was arrested,tried,and eventually executed,with Bacon,in his capacity as Queen鈥檚 Counsel,playing a vital role in the prosecution of the case.
In 1603,James I succeeded Elizabeth,and Bacon鈥檚 prospects for advancement dramatically improved.After being knighted by the king,he swiftly ascended the ladder of state and from 1604-1618 filled a succession of high-profile advisory positions: