老师让我们写肯定句、陈述句.疑问句
来源:学生作业帮 编辑:神马作文网作业帮 分类:英语作业 时间:2024/11/18 09:06:51
老师让我们写肯定句、陈述句.疑问句
不可以句意重复 越多越好
没有用的就不要去说了== 能给个网址就给,或者直接给出答案
不可以句意重复 越多越好
没有用的就不要去说了== 能给个网址就给,或者直接给出答案
19.2.1 陈述句
陈述句用来说明一个事实或陈述说话人的看法:
I was angry at the delay.我对这种拖延感到气愤.(看法)
The earth is round.地球是圆的.(事实)
The walls are three inches thick.这几堵墙有3英寸厚.(事实)
陈述句的书写体是大写句首的第一个字母,在句尾用句号.陈述句通常用降调.
19.2.2 疑问句
疑问句用来提出问题.英语中有四种疑问句:
1.一般疑问句
一般疑问句(General Questions)常用来询问一件事或一种情况是否属实;常以一个助动词、情态助动词、be动词或have开始,通常要求以yes或no(或certainly,perhaps,not at all等)回答.一般疑问句的语法结构特征是将谓语动词、助动词或情态助动词等置于主语之前.一般疑问句的书写体是大写句首的第一个字母,在句尾用问号.一般疑问句通常用低升调.
a)be动词的句型:
现在时和过去时:be动词 + 主语...?
Is he home from work yet? 他下班回家了吗?
Yes,he is.是,回来了.
No,he isn’t.不,没回来呢.
Were you here yesterday? 你昨天在这里吗?
Yes,I was.是,我在.
Was there any water in the river then? 那时那条河里有过水吗?
Yes,there was.是的,有过.
No,there wasn't.不,没有.
将来时:Will/Shall + 主语 + be动词原形...?
Will you be free tonight? 今晚你有空吗?
Yes,I shall.是,我有空.
No,I shall not.不,我没有空.
Will they be here tomorrow? 他们明天到这儿来吗?
Yes,they will.是,他们明天来.
No,they won't.不,他们明天不来.
b)一般动词的句型:
现在时和过去时:Do/Does/Did + 主语 + 动词原形...?
Do you like my new car? 你喜欢我的新车吗?
Yes,I do.是,喜欢.
No,I don't.不,不喜欢.
Did she work all day? 她工作了一整天吗?
Yes,she worked from early morning until late at night.是的,她从清早一直工作到深夜.
被动语态:
Is English widely used in the world? 英语在世界上广为使用吗?
Yes,it is.是的.
Was the silk made in China? 这丝绸产于中国吗?
No,it was not.不,不是的.
【注意】 进行时和被动语态皆以be动词为助动词,所以它们的疑问句和be动词相同.
进行时:be动词 + 主语 + 现在分词...?
Is the house being painted? 房子正在上涂料吗? (进行时、被动语态)
Yes,it is.是.
No,it isn't.不,没有呢.
将来时:Shall/Will + 主语 + 动词原形...?
Will they come tomorrow? 他们明天来吗?
Yes,they will.是,他们来.
No,they will not.不,他们不来.
完成时:Have/Has/Had + 主语 + 过去分词...?
Have you finished? 你做完了吗?
Yes,I have.是的,做完了.
No,I haven't.不,还没有做完.
Had they learned English before they came here? 他们来这里之前就学过英语了吗?
Yes,they had.是的.
No,they hadn't.不.
情态助动词:情态助动词 + 主语 + 动词原形...?
Can we go home now,please? 我们现在可以回家了吗?
Yes,you can.行,可以.
No,you can't.不,不行.
Must I take this horrible medicine? 我必须吃这种难吃的药吗?
Yes,you must.是的,你必须吃.
No,you needn't.不,你不必吃.
Will you do me a favor? 您能帮我忙吗?
Yes,I will.可以.
No,I won't.不,不行.
2.特殊疑问句
特殊疑问句(Special Questions)都是以一个疑问代词或疑问副词等开头,一般用倒装词序,和一般疑问句差不多.回答特殊疑问句时不能用yes或no.如果主语是疑问代词或是带有疑问限定词的名词词组,则用正常词序;在句尾加问号.特殊疑问句用降调.疑问代词有who(谁),whom(谁),whose(谁的),what(什么)和which(哪些);在特殊疑问句中位于谓语动词之前.
疑问形容词有what(什么),which(哪一个、哪一些),whose(谁的),位于名词之前,起形容词作用,在特殊疑问句中用作定语.疑问副词有when(什么时候),where(哪儿、哪里),why(为什么)和how(怎样).这四个疑问词就时间、地点、原因和方式进行提问,在特殊疑问句中用作状语.
a)就主语或主语部分提问的特殊疑问句
be动词句型:
现在时和过去时:疑问代词/疑问限定词的名词词组 + be动词...?
Who is that? —It's I/me.谁呀? ——是我.(疑问代词who作主语)
How many people were present at the meeting? 参加会议的有多少人? (疑问形容词词组how many修饰作主语的名词people)
一般动词句型:
现在时和过去时:疑问代词/疑问限定词的名词词组 + 一般动词...?
Which of you wish to go with me? 你们谁要同我去? (疑问代词which作主语)
Which foot hurts? Is it the left one? 你哪只脚疼? 是左脚吗? (疑问形容词which修饰作主语的名词foot)
Who broke the window? 那窗子是谁打破的? (疑问代词who作主语)
Who taught you to play the piano? 是谁教你弹钢琴的?
Which member of the family got most money when the old man died? —His wife got most money.这位老人去世后,家里人中谁得到的钱最多? ——他妻子得到的钱最多.(疑问形容词which修饰作主语的名词member)
被动语态:疑问代词/疑问限定词的名词词组 + be动词 + 过去分词...?
Who was injured in the car accident? 谁在这次车祸中受伤了?
进行时:疑问代词/疑问限定词的名词词组 + be动词 + 现在分词...?
How many students are going? ——Fifteen students are going.有多少学生要去?——15名学生去.(疑问形容词how many修饰作主语的名词students)
Who was singing last night? —Tom was singing last night.昨晚是谁在唱歌? ——是汤姆.(疑问代词who作主语)
b)就其他成分提问的特殊疑问句
be动词的句型:
现在时和过去时:疑问代词/疑问副词 + be动词 + 主语...?
What are they? —They are sailors.他们是干什么的? ——他们是海员.
What is Susan like? 苏珊是什么样的人? (苏珊的人品如何)
How was your trip to London? 伦敦之行你过得怎样?
一般动词的句型:
现在时和过去时:疑问代词/疑问副词 + do/did + 主语 + 动词原形...?
What do you do for a living? (=What is your work? )—I teach at the local junior school.你是干什么工作的? ——我在本地小学任教.
Which of the girls/books do you like best? —I like this girl/book best.这些女孩子/书中你最喜欢哪一位/哪一本? ——我最喜欢这一位/一本.
Where do you live? —I live in Beijing.你住在哪儿? ——我住在北京.
Who did you ask? 你问谁了?
被动语态:疑问代词/疑问副词 + be动词 + 主语 + 过去分词...?
Where were the jewels found? 宝石是在哪里找到的?
How is the word spelt? —The word is spelt in this way.这字怎么拼法? ——这字是这样拼的.
Where were they made? —They were made in China.它们是哪国制造的? ——它们是中国造的.
进行时:疑问代词/疑问副词 + be动词 + 主语 + 现在分词...?
Who are you waiting for? —I'm waiting for Jane.你在等谁? ——我在等简.
What are you doing? —I'm just tying up my shoelaces.你在干什么? ——我在系鞋带.
What was she doing when he called? —She was reading when he called.当他来访时,她在做什么? ——她在看书.
将来时:疑问代词/疑问副词 + shall/will + 主语 + 动词原型...?
疑问代词/疑问副词 + be(am/is/are) + 主语 + goingto do?
疑问代词/疑问副词 + shall/will + 主语 + be动词 + 现在分词...?
What will you do next? 你下一步将做什么?
What are you going to be when you grow up? —I am going to be a doctor.你长大了准备做什么? ——当医生.
When will you be having dinner? —At7pm.你将什么时候吃晚饭? ——晚上7点.
完成时:疑问代词/疑问副词 + have/has + 主语 + 过去分词...?
Which foreign language have you studied? —I’ve studied French.你学过哪一种外语? ——法语.
Where have you been all this while? 这一阵子你在哪里?
How long have you studied English? 你学英语多久了?
情态助动词的句型:疑问代词/疑问副词 + 情态助动词 + 主语 + 动词原型...?
What can I do for you? 你需要什么?
How can I get to Cambridge? 到剑桥我该怎样走?
How could you do such a stupid thing? 你怎么会做这样的蠢事?
Why should we bother waiting any longer? 为什么我们还得费工夫等下去呢?
(关于疑问代词和疑问副词引导的特殊疑问句及其各种用法,请参阅第4章4.7疑问代词和第6章副词6.1.2副词的种类)
3.一般和特殊疑问句的否定问句
一般疑问句和特殊疑问句有时可用否定形式,称为否定问句,这时或是带有惊异情绪;或是带有责难口吻;有时表示一种赞叹;或者用以提出试探性的建议、礼貌的邀请等(此时用降调):
Doesn't he look funny? 他看上去很可笑,不是吗?
Haven't you heard from Jane yet? 难道你还没有接到简的来信吗? (表示吃惊)
Why don't you come for the weekend? (=Please come.)你来度周末好吗? (礼貌的邀请)
Why didn't you answer me? 你为什么不答复我? (表示责怪)
Why don't you ask him yourself? 为什么你不自己去问他? (表示建议)
Why hasn't he come? —He may have missed the train.(=Per-haps he has missed it;we still don't know.)他为什么还没来? ——他也许误了火车.(表示吃惊)
Why didn't you tell me? —I did tell you.你为什么不告诉我? ——我确实已告诉过你.(表示责怪)
4.选择疑问句
选择疑问句(Alternative Questions)提出两个答案看哪一个是正确的,在结构上和一般疑问句差不多,两部分由or连接起来,前部用升调,后部用降调.or连接的两个并列成分可以是状语、宾语、表语、谓语或是两个分句,回答可以比较灵活.选择问句有两种形式:一种是以一般疑问句为基础即一般选择问句;另一种是以特殊疑问句为基础即特殊选择问句:
a)一般选择疑问句
句型:一般疑问句 + or + 被选择的情况?
Is it green or blue? —It's green.它是绿的还是蓝的? ——是绿的.(表语)
Did you go by train or by plane? —I went by plane.你是乘火车还是乘飞机去的? ——我是乘飞机去的.(状语)
Would you prefer coffee or tea? —Either will do.你喜欢喝咖啡还是茶? ——都行.(宾语)
Shall we go home or eat out? —Let’s eat out.我们是回家还是到餐馆去吃饭? ——到餐馆去吃饭吧.(谓语)
Shall I come to get you or shall we meet at the airport? —Let's meet at the airport.我是来接你还是咱们在机场碰头? ——咱们在机场碰头吧!(分句)
b)特殊选择疑问句
句型:特殊疑问句,A or B?
What color do you want,red or blue? —I want the red one.你要哪种颜色的,红的还是蓝的? ——红的.
Which would you rather have,steak or fish? —Fish.你想吃哪个菜,牛排还是鱼? ———鱼.
Who is taller,Tom or Dick? —Tom is.谁长得高些,是汤姆还是狄克? ——汤姆.
Which would you rather do,go dancing or go to a play? —I would rather go dancing.你喜欢做什么,去跳舞还是去看剧? ——我想去跳舞.
上述两种选择疑问句在语调上的共同特点是,供选择答案中的后者用降调,其余用升调.
5.反意问句(附加问句)
反意问句(Disjunctive Questions)提出情况或看法,问对方是否同意.这种问句有两部分组成:前一部分用陈述句形式,后一部分是一个附着在前一部分上的简短问句.如果前一部分为肯定形式,后一部分通常用否定形式;前一部分为否定形式,后一部分就用肯定形式;两部分的时态要一致.反意问句的否定句必须用缩略形式,其主语必须用人称代词.前一部分用降调,后一部分用升调.表示强调某种意思或说话人坚信第一部分说的是事实,亦可用降调.
句型1:陈述句(肯定式) + 疑问部分(否定式)?
be动词的反意问句:
It's cold,isn't it? —Yes,it is./No,it isn't.天气真冷,是吧? ——是./不.
These are your books,aren't they? —Yes,they are./No,they are not.这些书是你的,对不对? ——是./不.
一般动词的反意问句:
You know him,don't you? —Yes,I do./No,I don't.你认识他,对不对? ——对./不,不认识.
She writes novels,doesn't she? —Yes,she does./No,she doesn't.她是写小说的,对不对? ——是./不是.
Your brother cleaned the room,didn't he? —Yes,he did./No,he didn't.你哥哥打扫了房间,是吧? ——是./不,他没打扫房间.
He is loved by many people,isn't he? —Yes,he is./No,he isn't.他受许多人爱戴,是不是? ——是./不.(被动语态)
This dress is made of silk,isn’t it? 这件衣服是丝绸做的,对不对? (被动语态)
You are going out tonight,aren’t you? —Yes,I am./No,I am not.你今晚准备出去,是不是? ——是的,我准备出去./不,我不准备出去.(进行时态)
情态助动词的反意问句:
Your sister can play the piano,can't she? —Yes,she can./No,she can't.你姐姐会弹钢琴,是吧? ——是./不,她不会.
You won't tell him,will you? (I hope not)你不会告诉他,是吗?
I'll tell her we'll come,shan't I? (=Is that agreed? )我告诉她我们要来,好吗?
You needn't go yet,need you? 你还不必去,是吗?
You used to go there,use(d)n't you/didn't you? 你过去常到那儿去,不是吗?
如果陈述部分的谓语动词包括have to,had to时,疑问部分应该用其适当的形式:
You have never met her,have you? 你从未见过她,是吧?
You had to get up early,didn't you? —Yes,I did./No,I didn't.你从前得早起,是吧? ——是的./不.
完成时的反意问句:
We've met before,haven't we? —Yes,we have./No,we haven't.我们以前见过面,是吧? ——是./不.
句型2:陈述句(否定式) + 疑问部分(肯定式)?
这种反意问句的结构和前一部分一样,只不过颠倒一下肯定句和否定句的位置.注意这种问句的回答方式和汉语的回答方式不同.如果回答是肯定的,就用“Yes + 肯定结构”;如果回答是否定的,就用“No + 否定结构”:
Those aren't your books,are they? —No,they aren't./Yes,they are.那些书不是你的,对吧? —对,那些书不是我的./不,那些书是我的.
He isn't leaving,is he? —No,he isn't./Yes,he is.他不是要走,对吧? —是,他不走./不,他要走.
They didn't raise many questions,did they? —No,they didn't./Yes,they did.他们在课堂上没提很多问题,是吧? ——是,没提很多问题./不,提了很多问题.
在此类问句中,如果陈述部分包含有no(没有),never(从来没有),hardly(几乎不),scarcely(几乎没有)等词,这部分就算否定:
You have no classes tomorrow,have you? —No,I haven't./Yes,I have.你明天没有课,是吧? ——是的,没有./不,有课.
She hardly watches TV,does she? —No,she hardly watches TV.她很少看电视,是吧? ——是的,很少看.
Very few people understand what he said,do they? 很少人听得懂他说的话,是吗?
其他类型的反意问句:
祈使句后加一个简短问句,可使口气变得客气一些:
Let's have a rest,shall we? 休息一会儿,行不行?
Let's have a party,shall we? 今晚我们开个宴会怎么样?
Have another cake,will you? 再吃块蛋糕,好不好?
陈述部分是“there + be”结构时,疑问部分用there,省略主语代词:
There is a supermarket near your house,isn't there? 你家附近有一个超市,是吗?
There won't be any meetings tomorrow,will there? 明天没有会了,是吧?
陈述部分如果有everything,nothing等表示事物的不定代词时,疑问部分的主语用it;陈述部分如果有everyone,someone等表示人的不定代词时,疑问部分的主语用they(有时亦可用he):
Everything here is neat and tidy,isn't it? 这儿的一切都很整洁,对吧?
Everybody knows the news,don't they/doesn't he? 人人都知道这个消息,不是吗?
陈述部分含有宾语从句时,疑问部分的主语和谓语动词应和主句中的主语和谓语动词保持一致:
You told her they wouldn't come,didn't you? 你告诉她他们不来了,是吗?
如果陈述部分是“I don't think/believe + 宾语从句”时,疑问部分的主语和谓语动词应和宾语从句中的主语和谓语动词保持一致,并且要用肯定形式:
I don't think you are right,are you? 我认为你不对,不是吗?
19.2.3 祈使句
祈使句(Imperative Sentences)表示请求、命令、叮嘱、号召等.谓语动词用原形;主语通常不表示出来,句尾用句号或感叹号.祈使句一般都用降调.
1.含有第二人称主语的祈使句
第二人称祈使句就是以听话人作为祈使对象的祈使句.这种祈使句通常不把第二人称主语表示出来:
Come in,please.请进.
Open/Close your books,please.请把书打开/合上.
Do be careful! 千万要小心啊!
Get out! 滚!
Deal with a man as he deals with you.以其人之道,还治其人之身.
这种句子的否定式多以do not(通常写为don't)引起,亦可用never引起:
Don't disturb me while I'm working.我工作时别打搅我.
Don't just stand there watching.别光站在那里旁观呀!
Don't be long.不要去得太久.
Don't let this happen again! 不要再让这种事情发生了!
Never do that again.再不要这样做了.
2.带有第一、第三人称的祈使句
带有第一/三人称的祈使句通常以Let为引导词,即“Let + 第一/三人称宾格代词 + 不带to的不定式(即动词原形)”结构.
a)第一人称祈使句
如果说话者建议自己做某事(即以说话人自己为祈使对象),便可用第一人称祈使句;其结构是“Let + 第一人称宾格代词 + 不带to的不定式”:
Let me try.让我试一下.
Let me drive you home.我开车送你回家.
Let me be.不要打搅我.
Let me explain.让我解释一下.
这种祈使句之后还可带附加问句(反意问句):
Let me have a look,can I? 让我看看,可以吗?
Let me get you something to drink,shall I? 我给你弄点喝的,好吗?
如果祈使对象包括说话者和听话者双方在内,便可用let us通常缩写为let's:
Come on,Jane,let's dance! 来吧,简,我们跳舞吧!
Let's speed up.咱们快点吧!
这种祈使句还可带附加问句“shall we? ”
Let's take a taxi,shall we? —Yes,let's.我们叫出租车好吗? ——好吧.
Let's go shopping today,shall we? —Yes,let's.我们今天去购物,好吗? ——好吧.
在其他情况下则必须用let us:
Please,sir,let us go now.先生,请允许我们现在走吧.(不包括听话者)
Let us both have a try! 让我们两人都试试看!
第一人称祈使句的否定式是在句首加Don't;亦可在let's后加not.在英国英语中有时可用don't let's:
Don't let me have to speak to you again.别让我再给你重复一遍了.
Let's not stop.我们不要停下来.
Don't let's waste time on this!让我们别在这上面浪费时间了!
Let's not quarrel!/Don't let's quarrel about it!我们不要为这事争吵了!
b)第三人称祈使句
第三人称祈使句是由“引导词Let + 第三人称宾格代词或名词词组 + 不带to的不定式”构成.这种结构可以表示多种意义:
表示命令:
Let there be no mistake about it.这事绝对错不得.
Let the boys clean the room today.让男孩们打扫房间.
Let them set off at once.叫他们立刻出发.
表示建议:
Let each man decide for himself.让每个人自己决定吧.
Let him do what he likes;I don't care.让他做自己想做的事情吧,我不介意.
Let them be here this afternoon.让他们下午到这里来.
表示挑战:
Let them do their worst! 让他们把最恶的绝招都使出来吧!
第三人称祈使句的否定式是在句首加Don't,亦可在let后加not:
Don't let her go.别让她走.
Let not a single student lag behind.不要让一个同学掉队.
19.2.4 感叹句
感叹句(Exclamatory Sentences)表示说话时的惊异、喜悦、气愤等情绪.此类句子很多是用what或how引导.感叹形容词what用来修饰一个名词;感叹副词how用来修饰形容词、副词或动词.以what或how引导的感叹句,主语和谓语动词用正常词序:
What beautiful weather! 多好的天气!(修饰名词)
What a pity! 真遗憾!
What a slow bus this is! 这公共汽车开得可真够慢的!
How well she dances! 她跳得真好!(修饰副词)
How we laughed! 我们笑得多开心!(修饰动词)
How kind you are! 你多好啊!(修饰形容词)
How pleased they were to see us! 他们见到我们有多高兴啊!(修饰过去分词)
有时,一个陈述句、祈使句或疑问句,如果表示上述情绪,也就成了感叹句:
So you are here at last! 你到底还是来了!
You stepped on my toe.—No,I didn't! 你踩了我的脚趾.——没有,我没踩!
So that's what you've been up to while I've been away! 啊! 原来我不在时你在干这样的事!
感叹句句尾用感叹号.感叹句大多用降调,只有由一般疑问句变来的用升调.
陈述句用来说明一个事实或陈述说话人的看法:
I was angry at the delay.我对这种拖延感到气愤.(看法)
The earth is round.地球是圆的.(事实)
The walls are three inches thick.这几堵墙有3英寸厚.(事实)
陈述句的书写体是大写句首的第一个字母,在句尾用句号.陈述句通常用降调.
19.2.2 疑问句
疑问句用来提出问题.英语中有四种疑问句:
1.一般疑问句
一般疑问句(General Questions)常用来询问一件事或一种情况是否属实;常以一个助动词、情态助动词、be动词或have开始,通常要求以yes或no(或certainly,perhaps,not at all等)回答.一般疑问句的语法结构特征是将谓语动词、助动词或情态助动词等置于主语之前.一般疑问句的书写体是大写句首的第一个字母,在句尾用问号.一般疑问句通常用低升调.
a)be动词的句型:
现在时和过去时:be动词 + 主语...?
Is he home from work yet? 他下班回家了吗?
Yes,he is.是,回来了.
No,he isn’t.不,没回来呢.
Were you here yesterday? 你昨天在这里吗?
Yes,I was.是,我在.
Was there any water in the river then? 那时那条河里有过水吗?
Yes,there was.是的,有过.
No,there wasn't.不,没有.
将来时:Will/Shall + 主语 + be动词原形...?
Will you be free tonight? 今晚你有空吗?
Yes,I shall.是,我有空.
No,I shall not.不,我没有空.
Will they be here tomorrow? 他们明天到这儿来吗?
Yes,they will.是,他们明天来.
No,they won't.不,他们明天不来.
b)一般动词的句型:
现在时和过去时:Do/Does/Did + 主语 + 动词原形...?
Do you like my new car? 你喜欢我的新车吗?
Yes,I do.是,喜欢.
No,I don't.不,不喜欢.
Did she work all day? 她工作了一整天吗?
Yes,she worked from early morning until late at night.是的,她从清早一直工作到深夜.
被动语态:
Is English widely used in the world? 英语在世界上广为使用吗?
Yes,it is.是的.
Was the silk made in China? 这丝绸产于中国吗?
No,it was not.不,不是的.
【注意】 进行时和被动语态皆以be动词为助动词,所以它们的疑问句和be动词相同.
进行时:be动词 + 主语 + 现在分词...?
Is the house being painted? 房子正在上涂料吗? (进行时、被动语态)
Yes,it is.是.
No,it isn't.不,没有呢.
将来时:Shall/Will + 主语 + 动词原形...?
Will they come tomorrow? 他们明天来吗?
Yes,they will.是,他们来.
No,they will not.不,他们不来.
完成时:Have/Has/Had + 主语 + 过去分词...?
Have you finished? 你做完了吗?
Yes,I have.是的,做完了.
No,I haven't.不,还没有做完.
Had they learned English before they came here? 他们来这里之前就学过英语了吗?
Yes,they had.是的.
No,they hadn't.不.
情态助动词:情态助动词 + 主语 + 动词原形...?
Can we go home now,please? 我们现在可以回家了吗?
Yes,you can.行,可以.
No,you can't.不,不行.
Must I take this horrible medicine? 我必须吃这种难吃的药吗?
Yes,you must.是的,你必须吃.
No,you needn't.不,你不必吃.
Will you do me a favor? 您能帮我忙吗?
Yes,I will.可以.
No,I won't.不,不行.
2.特殊疑问句
特殊疑问句(Special Questions)都是以一个疑问代词或疑问副词等开头,一般用倒装词序,和一般疑问句差不多.回答特殊疑问句时不能用yes或no.如果主语是疑问代词或是带有疑问限定词的名词词组,则用正常词序;在句尾加问号.特殊疑问句用降调.疑问代词有who(谁),whom(谁),whose(谁的),what(什么)和which(哪些);在特殊疑问句中位于谓语动词之前.
疑问形容词有what(什么),which(哪一个、哪一些),whose(谁的),位于名词之前,起形容词作用,在特殊疑问句中用作定语.疑问副词有when(什么时候),where(哪儿、哪里),why(为什么)和how(怎样).这四个疑问词就时间、地点、原因和方式进行提问,在特殊疑问句中用作状语.
a)就主语或主语部分提问的特殊疑问句
be动词句型:
现在时和过去时:疑问代词/疑问限定词的名词词组 + be动词...?
Who is that? —It's I/me.谁呀? ——是我.(疑问代词who作主语)
How many people were present at the meeting? 参加会议的有多少人? (疑问形容词词组how many修饰作主语的名词people)
一般动词句型:
现在时和过去时:疑问代词/疑问限定词的名词词组 + 一般动词...?
Which of you wish to go with me? 你们谁要同我去? (疑问代词which作主语)
Which foot hurts? Is it the left one? 你哪只脚疼? 是左脚吗? (疑问形容词which修饰作主语的名词foot)
Who broke the window? 那窗子是谁打破的? (疑问代词who作主语)
Who taught you to play the piano? 是谁教你弹钢琴的?
Which member of the family got most money when the old man died? —His wife got most money.这位老人去世后,家里人中谁得到的钱最多? ——他妻子得到的钱最多.(疑问形容词which修饰作主语的名词member)
被动语态:疑问代词/疑问限定词的名词词组 + be动词 + 过去分词...?
Who was injured in the car accident? 谁在这次车祸中受伤了?
进行时:疑问代词/疑问限定词的名词词组 + be动词 + 现在分词...?
How many students are going? ——Fifteen students are going.有多少学生要去?——15名学生去.(疑问形容词how many修饰作主语的名词students)
Who was singing last night? —Tom was singing last night.昨晚是谁在唱歌? ——是汤姆.(疑问代词who作主语)
b)就其他成分提问的特殊疑问句
be动词的句型:
现在时和过去时:疑问代词/疑问副词 + be动词 + 主语...?
What are they? —They are sailors.他们是干什么的? ——他们是海员.
What is Susan like? 苏珊是什么样的人? (苏珊的人品如何)
How was your trip to London? 伦敦之行你过得怎样?
一般动词的句型:
现在时和过去时:疑问代词/疑问副词 + do/did + 主语 + 动词原形...?
What do you do for a living? (=What is your work? )—I teach at the local junior school.你是干什么工作的? ——我在本地小学任教.
Which of the girls/books do you like best? —I like this girl/book best.这些女孩子/书中你最喜欢哪一位/哪一本? ——我最喜欢这一位/一本.
Where do you live? —I live in Beijing.你住在哪儿? ——我住在北京.
Who did you ask? 你问谁了?
被动语态:疑问代词/疑问副词 + be动词 + 主语 + 过去分词...?
Where were the jewels found? 宝石是在哪里找到的?
How is the word spelt? —The word is spelt in this way.这字怎么拼法? ——这字是这样拼的.
Where were they made? —They were made in China.它们是哪国制造的? ——它们是中国造的.
进行时:疑问代词/疑问副词 + be动词 + 主语 + 现在分词...?
Who are you waiting for? —I'm waiting for Jane.你在等谁? ——我在等简.
What are you doing? —I'm just tying up my shoelaces.你在干什么? ——我在系鞋带.
What was she doing when he called? —She was reading when he called.当他来访时,她在做什么? ——她在看书.
将来时:疑问代词/疑问副词 + shall/will + 主语 + 动词原型...?
疑问代词/疑问副词 + be(am/is/are) + 主语 + goingto do?
疑问代词/疑问副词 + shall/will + 主语 + be动词 + 现在分词...?
What will you do next? 你下一步将做什么?
What are you going to be when you grow up? —I am going to be a doctor.你长大了准备做什么? ——当医生.
When will you be having dinner? —At7pm.你将什么时候吃晚饭? ——晚上7点.
完成时:疑问代词/疑问副词 + have/has + 主语 + 过去分词...?
Which foreign language have you studied? —I’ve studied French.你学过哪一种外语? ——法语.
Where have you been all this while? 这一阵子你在哪里?
How long have you studied English? 你学英语多久了?
情态助动词的句型:疑问代词/疑问副词 + 情态助动词 + 主语 + 动词原型...?
What can I do for you? 你需要什么?
How can I get to Cambridge? 到剑桥我该怎样走?
How could you do such a stupid thing? 你怎么会做这样的蠢事?
Why should we bother waiting any longer? 为什么我们还得费工夫等下去呢?
(关于疑问代词和疑问副词引导的特殊疑问句及其各种用法,请参阅第4章4.7疑问代词和第6章副词6.1.2副词的种类)
3.一般和特殊疑问句的否定问句
一般疑问句和特殊疑问句有时可用否定形式,称为否定问句,这时或是带有惊异情绪;或是带有责难口吻;有时表示一种赞叹;或者用以提出试探性的建议、礼貌的邀请等(此时用降调):
Doesn't he look funny? 他看上去很可笑,不是吗?
Haven't you heard from Jane yet? 难道你还没有接到简的来信吗? (表示吃惊)
Why don't you come for the weekend? (=Please come.)你来度周末好吗? (礼貌的邀请)
Why didn't you answer me? 你为什么不答复我? (表示责怪)
Why don't you ask him yourself? 为什么你不自己去问他? (表示建议)
Why hasn't he come? —He may have missed the train.(=Per-haps he has missed it;we still don't know.)他为什么还没来? ——他也许误了火车.(表示吃惊)
Why didn't you tell me? —I did tell you.你为什么不告诉我? ——我确实已告诉过你.(表示责怪)
4.选择疑问句
选择疑问句(Alternative Questions)提出两个答案看哪一个是正确的,在结构上和一般疑问句差不多,两部分由or连接起来,前部用升调,后部用降调.or连接的两个并列成分可以是状语、宾语、表语、谓语或是两个分句,回答可以比较灵活.选择问句有两种形式:一种是以一般疑问句为基础即一般选择问句;另一种是以特殊疑问句为基础即特殊选择问句:
a)一般选择疑问句
句型:一般疑问句 + or + 被选择的情况?
Is it green or blue? —It's green.它是绿的还是蓝的? ——是绿的.(表语)
Did you go by train or by plane? —I went by plane.你是乘火车还是乘飞机去的? ——我是乘飞机去的.(状语)
Would you prefer coffee or tea? —Either will do.你喜欢喝咖啡还是茶? ——都行.(宾语)
Shall we go home or eat out? —Let’s eat out.我们是回家还是到餐馆去吃饭? ——到餐馆去吃饭吧.(谓语)
Shall I come to get you or shall we meet at the airport? —Let's meet at the airport.我是来接你还是咱们在机场碰头? ——咱们在机场碰头吧!(分句)
b)特殊选择疑问句
句型:特殊疑问句,A or B?
What color do you want,red or blue? —I want the red one.你要哪种颜色的,红的还是蓝的? ——红的.
Which would you rather have,steak or fish? —Fish.你想吃哪个菜,牛排还是鱼? ———鱼.
Who is taller,Tom or Dick? —Tom is.谁长得高些,是汤姆还是狄克? ——汤姆.
Which would you rather do,go dancing or go to a play? —I would rather go dancing.你喜欢做什么,去跳舞还是去看剧? ——我想去跳舞.
上述两种选择疑问句在语调上的共同特点是,供选择答案中的后者用降调,其余用升调.
5.反意问句(附加问句)
反意问句(Disjunctive Questions)提出情况或看法,问对方是否同意.这种问句有两部分组成:前一部分用陈述句形式,后一部分是一个附着在前一部分上的简短问句.如果前一部分为肯定形式,后一部分通常用否定形式;前一部分为否定形式,后一部分就用肯定形式;两部分的时态要一致.反意问句的否定句必须用缩略形式,其主语必须用人称代词.前一部分用降调,后一部分用升调.表示强调某种意思或说话人坚信第一部分说的是事实,亦可用降调.
句型1:陈述句(肯定式) + 疑问部分(否定式)?
be动词的反意问句:
It's cold,isn't it? —Yes,it is./No,it isn't.天气真冷,是吧? ——是./不.
These are your books,aren't they? —Yes,they are./No,they are not.这些书是你的,对不对? ——是./不.
一般动词的反意问句:
You know him,don't you? —Yes,I do./No,I don't.你认识他,对不对? ——对./不,不认识.
She writes novels,doesn't she? —Yes,she does./No,she doesn't.她是写小说的,对不对? ——是./不是.
Your brother cleaned the room,didn't he? —Yes,he did./No,he didn't.你哥哥打扫了房间,是吧? ——是./不,他没打扫房间.
He is loved by many people,isn't he? —Yes,he is./No,he isn't.他受许多人爱戴,是不是? ——是./不.(被动语态)
This dress is made of silk,isn’t it? 这件衣服是丝绸做的,对不对? (被动语态)
You are going out tonight,aren’t you? —Yes,I am./No,I am not.你今晚准备出去,是不是? ——是的,我准备出去./不,我不准备出去.(进行时态)
情态助动词的反意问句:
Your sister can play the piano,can't she? —Yes,she can./No,she can't.你姐姐会弹钢琴,是吧? ——是./不,她不会.
You won't tell him,will you? (I hope not)你不会告诉他,是吗?
I'll tell her we'll come,shan't I? (=Is that agreed? )我告诉她我们要来,好吗?
You needn't go yet,need you? 你还不必去,是吗?
You used to go there,use(d)n't you/didn't you? 你过去常到那儿去,不是吗?
如果陈述部分的谓语动词包括have to,had to时,疑问部分应该用其适当的形式:
You have never met her,have you? 你从未见过她,是吧?
You had to get up early,didn't you? —Yes,I did./No,I didn't.你从前得早起,是吧? ——是的./不.
完成时的反意问句:
We've met before,haven't we? —Yes,we have./No,we haven't.我们以前见过面,是吧? ——是./不.
句型2:陈述句(否定式) + 疑问部分(肯定式)?
这种反意问句的结构和前一部分一样,只不过颠倒一下肯定句和否定句的位置.注意这种问句的回答方式和汉语的回答方式不同.如果回答是肯定的,就用“Yes + 肯定结构”;如果回答是否定的,就用“No + 否定结构”:
Those aren't your books,are they? —No,they aren't./Yes,they are.那些书不是你的,对吧? —对,那些书不是我的./不,那些书是我的.
He isn't leaving,is he? —No,he isn't./Yes,he is.他不是要走,对吧? —是,他不走./不,他要走.
They didn't raise many questions,did they? —No,they didn't./Yes,they did.他们在课堂上没提很多问题,是吧? ——是,没提很多问题./不,提了很多问题.
在此类问句中,如果陈述部分包含有no(没有),never(从来没有),hardly(几乎不),scarcely(几乎没有)等词,这部分就算否定:
You have no classes tomorrow,have you? —No,I haven't./Yes,I have.你明天没有课,是吧? ——是的,没有./不,有课.
She hardly watches TV,does she? —No,she hardly watches TV.她很少看电视,是吧? ——是的,很少看.
Very few people understand what he said,do they? 很少人听得懂他说的话,是吗?
其他类型的反意问句:
祈使句后加一个简短问句,可使口气变得客气一些:
Let's have a rest,shall we? 休息一会儿,行不行?
Let's have a party,shall we? 今晚我们开个宴会怎么样?
Have another cake,will you? 再吃块蛋糕,好不好?
陈述部分是“there + be”结构时,疑问部分用there,省略主语代词:
There is a supermarket near your house,isn't there? 你家附近有一个超市,是吗?
There won't be any meetings tomorrow,will there? 明天没有会了,是吧?
陈述部分如果有everything,nothing等表示事物的不定代词时,疑问部分的主语用it;陈述部分如果有everyone,someone等表示人的不定代词时,疑问部分的主语用they(有时亦可用he):
Everything here is neat and tidy,isn't it? 这儿的一切都很整洁,对吧?
Everybody knows the news,don't they/doesn't he? 人人都知道这个消息,不是吗?
陈述部分含有宾语从句时,疑问部分的主语和谓语动词应和主句中的主语和谓语动词保持一致:
You told her they wouldn't come,didn't you? 你告诉她他们不来了,是吗?
如果陈述部分是“I don't think/believe + 宾语从句”时,疑问部分的主语和谓语动词应和宾语从句中的主语和谓语动词保持一致,并且要用肯定形式:
I don't think you are right,are you? 我认为你不对,不是吗?
19.2.3 祈使句
祈使句(Imperative Sentences)表示请求、命令、叮嘱、号召等.谓语动词用原形;主语通常不表示出来,句尾用句号或感叹号.祈使句一般都用降调.
1.含有第二人称主语的祈使句
第二人称祈使句就是以听话人作为祈使对象的祈使句.这种祈使句通常不把第二人称主语表示出来:
Come in,please.请进.
Open/Close your books,please.请把书打开/合上.
Do be careful! 千万要小心啊!
Get out! 滚!
Deal with a man as he deals with you.以其人之道,还治其人之身.
这种句子的否定式多以do not(通常写为don't)引起,亦可用never引起:
Don't disturb me while I'm working.我工作时别打搅我.
Don't just stand there watching.别光站在那里旁观呀!
Don't be long.不要去得太久.
Don't let this happen again! 不要再让这种事情发生了!
Never do that again.再不要这样做了.
2.带有第一、第三人称的祈使句
带有第一/三人称的祈使句通常以Let为引导词,即“Let + 第一/三人称宾格代词 + 不带to的不定式(即动词原形)”结构.
a)第一人称祈使句
如果说话者建议自己做某事(即以说话人自己为祈使对象),便可用第一人称祈使句;其结构是“Let + 第一人称宾格代词 + 不带to的不定式”:
Let me try.让我试一下.
Let me drive you home.我开车送你回家.
Let me be.不要打搅我.
Let me explain.让我解释一下.
这种祈使句之后还可带附加问句(反意问句):
Let me have a look,can I? 让我看看,可以吗?
Let me get you something to drink,shall I? 我给你弄点喝的,好吗?
如果祈使对象包括说话者和听话者双方在内,便可用let us通常缩写为let's:
Come on,Jane,let's dance! 来吧,简,我们跳舞吧!
Let's speed up.咱们快点吧!
这种祈使句还可带附加问句“shall we? ”
Let's take a taxi,shall we? —Yes,let's.我们叫出租车好吗? ——好吧.
Let's go shopping today,shall we? —Yes,let's.我们今天去购物,好吗? ——好吧.
在其他情况下则必须用let us:
Please,sir,let us go now.先生,请允许我们现在走吧.(不包括听话者)
Let us both have a try! 让我们两人都试试看!
第一人称祈使句的否定式是在句首加Don't;亦可在let's后加not.在英国英语中有时可用don't let's:
Don't let me have to speak to you again.别让我再给你重复一遍了.
Let's not stop.我们不要停下来.
Don't let's waste time on this!让我们别在这上面浪费时间了!
Let's not quarrel!/Don't let's quarrel about it!我们不要为这事争吵了!
b)第三人称祈使句
第三人称祈使句是由“引导词Let + 第三人称宾格代词或名词词组 + 不带to的不定式”构成.这种结构可以表示多种意义:
表示命令:
Let there be no mistake about it.这事绝对错不得.
Let the boys clean the room today.让男孩们打扫房间.
Let them set off at once.叫他们立刻出发.
表示建议:
Let each man decide for himself.让每个人自己决定吧.
Let him do what he likes;I don't care.让他做自己想做的事情吧,我不介意.
Let them be here this afternoon.让他们下午到这里来.
表示挑战:
Let them do their worst! 让他们把最恶的绝招都使出来吧!
第三人称祈使句的否定式是在句首加Don't,亦可在let后加not:
Don't let her go.别让她走.
Let not a single student lag behind.不要让一个同学掉队.
19.2.4 感叹句
感叹句(Exclamatory Sentences)表示说话时的惊异、喜悦、气愤等情绪.此类句子很多是用what或how引导.感叹形容词what用来修饰一个名词;感叹副词how用来修饰形容词、副词或动词.以what或how引导的感叹句,主语和谓语动词用正常词序:
What beautiful weather! 多好的天气!(修饰名词)
What a pity! 真遗憾!
What a slow bus this is! 这公共汽车开得可真够慢的!
How well she dances! 她跳得真好!(修饰副词)
How we laughed! 我们笑得多开心!(修饰动词)
How kind you are! 你多好啊!(修饰形容词)
How pleased they were to see us! 他们见到我们有多高兴啊!(修饰过去分词)
有时,一个陈述句、祈使句或疑问句,如果表示上述情绪,也就成了感叹句:
So you are here at last! 你到底还是来了!
You stepped on my toe.—No,I didn't! 你踩了我的脚趾.——没有,我没踩!
So that's what you've been up to while I've been away! 啊! 原来我不在时你在干这样的事!
感叹句句尾用感叹号.感叹句大多用降调,只有由一般疑问句变来的用升调.
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