英语中,形容词如何转化成名词?

英语中,形容词如何转化成名词?
我是一名初三学生,前几天在做课外练习时,发现有几个名词填空做错了,结果发现是因为形容词没有转化为名词（例：It's a （pleased)to have a picnic with all the family members.答案就是pleased的名词形式pleasure)但又不知道这样的转化有什么规律,

很多形容词前,加上定冠词后转化为名词：如：unfortunate不幸的；the unfortunate不幸的人；weary疲倦的；the weary疲倦的人；living活着的,the living活着的人. 对上述三个方面,暂不进行详细讨论,只想就形容词后加s,转化成名词作重点的论述.如： ①new adj．新的 news n．新闻,消息 Here is the news．现在报告新闻. The girls burst into laughter when they heard the news． 女孩子们听到那个消息时都捧腹大笑起来. We watch the news on television every night． 每晚我们都看电视新闻. ②rapid adj．快速的 rapids n．[usn．pl．]急流险滩 The canoeist was drowned when going over the rapids． 当船夫驶过急流时被淹死了. the furious rapids above the waterfall瀑布上方汹涌的急流 ③vital adj．有关生命的,非常重要的 vitals n．（usu．pl．）重要部件,维持生命的重要器官 When anything went wrong with my car,I watched my repairman anxiouslyas he explored its vitals． 当我的车子出了毛病时,我焦急地望着修理工检查车子的重要部件. The brain,heart,lungs and stomach are vitals． 脑、心、肺和胃是维持生命的重要器官. ④short adj．短的 shorts n．[pl．]短裤 American tourists are very impolite and noisy．They wear shorts every where． 美国旅游者不讲礼貌而爱吵闹.他们穿着短裤到处跑. I'll be needing a new pair of shorts soon．我不久就需要一条新短裤. The only time Dad shows his knees is on holiday,when he wears shorts in-stead of his long trousers． 父亲在假日穿短裤而不穿长裤是他露出膝盖的唯一时间. ⑤black adj．黑色的 black n．[C]黑人 Unemployment among blacks was twice as high as that for whites 黑人中的失业人数高出白人的两倍. As I was a black,my job was to wait on tables and wash dishes． 因为我是黑人,我的工作就是收拾桌子和洗碗碟. Martin Luther King was the first American black to win a Nobel prize． 马丁·路德·金是第一个获得诺贝尔奖金的美国黑人. ⑥white adj．白色的 white n．白人[C] or[U] 蛋白 There were both whites and blacks at the meeting． 出席会议的既有白人,又有黑人. There is too much white of egg in this mixture． 这种混合物中蛋白太多. Beat three egg whites until stiff．把三个鸡蛋清打稠为止. Take the whites of two eggs．吃两个蛋的蛋白. [pl．] ⑦green adj．绿色的 n．[C] 草地,青菜,新折的绿色枝叶 They are dancing on the village green．他们在村子里的草坪上跳舞. Greens are vegetables such as cabbages．像包菜这类蔬菜是青菜. ⑧ final adj．最后的,终了的 finals n．[常用 pl．]决赛,期末考试 At the finals,they lost to Hungary．他们在决赛中输给了匈牙利. Our team reached the finals of basketball tournament． 我们队进入了篮球锦标赛决赛. When do your take your finals?你们期末考试在什么时候进行? ⑨grown-up adj．长大成人的 grown-up n．[C] 成人,大人 There were no grown-ups there,only children． 那里没有成人,只有孩子. This meeting is for grown-ups only．这次集会只准许成人参加. ⑩light adj．亮的 light [U] or[C] 光亮,灯 I hardly recognized him in the dusky light． 在黄昏的光线下,我几乎认不出他来. Turn on the lights,please．请开灯. (11)blue adj． 蓝色的,悲伤的 the blues n． [C] 布鲁斯音乐,蓝调舞曲（美国南方一种缓慢伤感的音乐） The blues was／were first performed by the black people of New Orleans． 布鲁斯音乐最初是由新奥尔良的黑人演奏的. (12)progressive adj．进步的 progressive n．[C]进步人士 He is a progressive in his beliefs．他在信仰上是个进步人士. They used to be progressives in reform． 他们一向是提倡改革的进步人士. (13)single adj．单人的,单个的 single n．[C] [U] 单程票,[pl．]单打比赛（尤指网球） I've reserved a single for you．我已给你订了一张单程票. I watched man's singles（tennis） yesterday evening． (14)double adj．双倍的 double n．[C] 两倍；[pl．]双打比赛尤指网球） Four is the double of two． 4是2的两倍. Who'll win the men's／women's doubles at the US open this year? 今年美国网球公开赛男子双打／女子双打谁会获胜? (15)intellectual adj．智力的,理智的 intellectual n．知识分子 These views were common among intellectuals． 这些观点在知识分子中是很普通的. 出处： http://bbs.englishcn.com/thread-8386-1-1.html
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