英语翻译压电陶瓷具有响应快、能量密度高等特点,已在精密机械、扬声器、减震降噪等领域得到了广泛的应用,尤其是在智能结构中,

英语翻译
压电陶瓷具有响应快、能量密度高等特点,已在精密机械、扬声器、减震降噪等领域得到了广泛的应用,尤其是在智能结构中,其作用不可替代.但传统的压力陶瓷却存在着明显的不足,由于驱动应变太小,很难满足实际工程应用的需要.为获得更大的驱动应变,人们研究出了多种压电驱动元件,如双弯型压电驱动器、"mooine"型黄铜-PZT组合驱动器、类独石结构驱动元件等.但这些都属于机械放大机制的应用,在获得较大应变的同时,也降低了驱动力,并未从本质上解决问题.
压电陶瓷的应用十分广泛,最典型的应用是蜂鸣器和安全报警器,把陶瓷素坯轧成象纸一样的薄片烧成后,在它的两面做上电极 ,然后极化,这样陶瓷就具有压电性了,然后再把它与金属片粘合在一起,就做成一个蜂鸣器.当电极通电时,压电陶瓷因逆压电效应产生振动,发出人耳可以听到的声音.通过电子线路的控制,就可产生不同频率的振动,从而发出不同的声音,蜂鸣器最早用在电子玩具上,现在还被用于消防车、救护车、保险柜等处作为报警器.利用压电陶瓷能把机械能转变成电能的特性,还可以做成"陶瓷耳".一般地震前由于地壳内部的异常运动会发出地声,陶瓷耳可把听到的声音变成电信号输入计算机,这样就可以通过监听地声来预报地震.
声马达是压电陶瓷应用中一个引人注目的新领域 .它是利用压电陶瓷的逆压电效应,直接把电能转换成机械能输出而无需电磁线圈的新型电机,与普通电磁马达相比,它具有结构简单、启动快、体积小、功耗低等特点.另外,由于它是从电能直接转换为机械能而不通过磁电转换,因此,不产生磁干扰也不怕磁干扰.它还可以低速运行而不用减速机构.这种微型电机在航空、航天、精密机械、仪器仪表、自动控制、机器人、扫描电镜微动台、照相机自动聚焦、磁头移动、机动车辆刮水器和电动开关车窗等许多技术领域有广阔的应用前景.
以往的压电陶瓷是由几微米至几十微米的多畴晶粒组成的多晶材料,尺寸已不能满足需要了.减小粒径至亚微米级,可以改进材料的加工性,可将基片做地更薄,可提高阵列频率,降低换能器阵列的损耗,提高器件的机械强度,减小多层器件每层的厚度,从而降低驱动电压,这对提高叠层变压器、制动器都是有益的.减小粒径有上述如此多的好处,但同时也带来了降低压电效应的影响.为了克服这种影响,人们更改了传统的掺杂工艺,使细晶粒压电陶瓷压电效应增加到与粗晶粒压电陶瓷相当的水平.现在制作细晶粒材料的成本已可与普通陶瓷竞争了.近年来,人们用细晶粒压电陶瓷进行了切割研磨研究,并制作出了一些高频换能器、微制动器及薄型蜂鸣器（瓷片20-30um厚）,证明了细晶粒压电陶瓷的优越性.随着纳米技术的发展,细晶粒压电陶瓷材料研究和应用开发仍是近期的热点.另外,压电体是发射和接收超声波的理想材料.当交变电讯号作用于压电体,因逆压电效应而发生形变,在适当频率下机电耦合谐振而发射超声波 ,从而构成发射探头,而当超声波作用于压电体时,由于波动机械力作用,会因正压电效应而在压电体相应表面产生电信号输出,构成接收探头.用这种探头可以制作超声波探伤仪探测物体内部的缺陷,还可做成超声显微镜、超声测厚仪等.

The piezoelectricity ceramics have quickly respond, the energy densityhigher characteristic, in domain and so on precision machinery,speaker, absorption of shock noise reduction obtained the widespreadapplication, in the intelligent structure, its function may notsubstitute in particular. But the traditional pressure ceramicsactually have the obvious insufficiency, because actuation strain toosmall, is very difficult to satisfy the actual project application theneed. In order to obtain the bigger actuation strain, the peoplestudied the many kinds of piezoelectricities actuation part, likedouble curved piezoelectricity driver, " Mooine" Brass -PZTcombination driver, kind of alone stone structure actuation part andso on. But these all belong to the machinery to enlarge the mechanismthe application, while obtains a bigger strain, also reduced thedriving influence, from essentially solves the problem by no means.
The piezoelectricity ceramics application is extremely widespread, themost typical application is the buzzer and the security alarmapparatus, after 素坯 rolls over the ceramics the image formationpaper same thin slice to fire, makes the electrode in its both sides,then the polarization, such ceramics had the piezoelectricity, then itwith the tinsel agglutinated again in together, made a buzzer. Whenelectrode circular telegram, the piezoelectricity ceramics because thecounter piezoelectric effect has the vibration, makes sound which theperson ear may hear. Through the electronic circuit control, may havethe different frequency vibration, thus makes the different sound, thebuzzer most early uses on the electronic toy, now also uses in thefire engine, the ambulance, the safe cabinet and so on place takes thealarm apparatus. Can transform using the piezoelectricity ceramics themechanical energy the electrical energy the characteristic, but alsomay make " Ceramic ear " . In front of the common earthquakebecause the earth's crust interior unusual games sends out 地声, theceramic ear may the sound which hears turn the electrical signal inputcomputer, like this may 地声 forecast the earthquake through themonitor.
The sound motor is in the piezoelectricity ceramics application anoticeable new domain. It is uses the piezoelectricity ceramics thecounter piezoelectric effect, directly transforms the electricalenergy the mechanical energy output not to need the magnet coil thenew electrical machinery, compares with the ordinary electromagnetismmotor, it has the structure simply, starts, the volume quickly young,the power loss is low and so on the characteristic. Moreover, becauseit is directly transforms from the electrical energy into themechanical energy but does not transform through themagnetoelectricity, therefore, does not have the magnetism disturbancenot to fear the magnetism disturbance. It also may the low speedmovement but not use the reduction gear. This kind of miniatureelectrical machinery in the aviation, astronautics, the precisionmachinery, the instrument measuring appliance, the automatic control,the robot, the scanning electricity mirror moves slightly, thephotographic camera automatic focusing, the magnetic head moves, themotor vehicle windshield wiper and the electrically operated switchglass and so on many areas of technology has the broad applicationprospect.
The former piezoelectricity ceramics were by several microns thepolytropism material which was composed to several dozens micronsmulti- domains crystal grains, the size have not been able to meetthe needs. Reduces the particle size to an Asian micron level, mayimprove the material the workability, may do the substrate is thinner,may enhance the array frequency, reduces the transducer array theloss, enhances the component the mechanical strength, reducesmultilayered component each level thickness, thus reduces the slavingvoltage, this to enhances folds the level transformer, the brake allis beneficial. Reduces the particle size to have the above so manyadvantage, but simultaneously also brought reduced the piezoelectriceffect the influence. In order to overcome this kind of influence, thepeople changed the traditional doping craft, makes 细晶粒 thepiezoelectricity ceramics piezoelectric effect to increase to and粗晶粒 the piezoelectricity ceramics suitable level. Nowmanufactured 细晶粒 the material cost to be possible to competewith the ordinary ceramics. In recent years, the people carried onwith 细晶粒 the piezoelectricity ceramics have cut grind theresearch, and manufactured some high frequency transducers, the microbrake and the thin buzzer (porcelain piece 20-30um is thick), hasproven 细晶粒 the piezoelectricity ceramics superiority. Along withthe nanotechnology development, 细晶粒 the piezoelectricity ceramicmaterial research and the application development was still theshort-term hot spot. Moreover, the piezoelectricity body is the launchand the receive ultrasonic wave ideal material. When the alternationelectrical signal function to the piezoelectricity body, has thedeformation because of the counter piezoelectric effect, gets off anaircraft 电耦合 the resonance in the suitable frequency to launchthe ultrasonic wave, thus the constitution launch pokes head in, butwhen the ultrasonic wave does uses in the piezoelectricity body, as aresult of the undulation mechanical power function, can because of thepiezoelectric effect but in the piezoelectricity body correspondingsurface produce the electrical signal to output, the constitutionreceive pokes head in. Pokes head in with this kind to be allowed tomanufacture the ultrasonic flaw detector survey object interior theflaw, but also may make the supersonic microscope, the supersonicthickness gauge and so on.