独立主格结构中非谓语动词的各形式怎么用,越详细越好

独立主格结构中非谓语动词的各形式怎么用,越详细越好
比如什么时候用现在分词、过去分词和不定式 ,详细点啊!

独立主格结构是由一个相当于主语的名词或代词加上非谓语动词、形容词、副词或介词短语构成的一种独立主格成分.With( without) 的复合结构可以看作是独立主格结构中的一种形式.一、独立主格结构的特点 1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在.2）名词或代词与后面的分词,形容词,副词,不定式,介词等是主谓关系.3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开.The test finished,we began our holiday.= When the test was finished,we began our holiday.4） 当表示人体部位的词做逻辑主语时,及物动词用现在分词,不及物动词用过去分词 二、独立主格结构的构成:名词普通格或代词主格 + 现在分词/过去分词/不定式/名词/形容词/副词/介词短语.1．名词（或代词） + 现在分词 现在分词表示前面的名词或代词主动进行的动作或状态.He seating himself at the desk,his mother began to tell him a story.Everyone being ready,the teacher began his class.The food being cooked,the boy was watching TV.注意：现在分词being或having been在独立主格结构中可以省略.The weather（being）fine,we decided to go on an outing.独立主格结构中的being在下列两种情况下一般不能省略,一是在“There being + 名词”结构中,二是在逻辑主语是代词的情况下.There being no bus,we had to walk home.It being Sunday,all the offices are closed.2．名词（或代词） + 不定式（短语） 不定式表示将来的动作.He suggested going for a picnic,Mary to provide the food.Many flowers and grass to be planted,our newly-built school will look even more beautiful.3．名词（或代词） + 过去分词 过去分词表示前面的名词或代词被动完成的动作.The girls lay on her back,her hands crossed under her head.The workers worked still harder,their living conditions greatly improved.He was listening attentively in class,his eyes fixed on the blackboard.4．名词（或代词） + 形容词（短语） 形容词（短语）在独立主格结构中说明前面名词或代词的性质、状态 The floor wet,we had to stay outside for a while.He turned to me,his eyes sleepy.5．名词（或代词） + 副词 副词在独立主格结构中也多是说明名词或代词的状态.The meeting over,we all went home.School over,we all went home.6．名词（或代词） + 介词短语 A robber burst into the room,knife in hand.He left the office,tears in eyes.注意：在“逻辑主语+介词短语”构成的独立主格结构里,当介词是in时,其前后的两个名词均不加任何修饰成分.但with 的复合结构不受此限制.例如：The teacher came in,with a book in his hand.三、独立主格结构的作用：多用作状语 1.表示时间 His homework done（=After his homework was done）,Mary decided to go shopping.2.表示原因 There being no buses（=Because there were no buses）,we had to walk home.3.表示条件 Weather permitting（=If weather permits）,we’ll go to play basketball.4.表示方式或伴随 He sat at the table,head down.动词不定式表示动作没有发生或即将发生,动词-ed形式表示动作已经结束,动词-ing形式往往表示动作正在进行.The manager looks worried,many things to be settled.The manager looks relaxed,many things settled.The man lay there,his hands trembling.四、With( without) 的复合结构的构成以及句法功能 （一）、with / without +宾语+宾语补足语构成复合结构的几种情况:1.with+名词/代词+形容词 He doesn’t like to sleep with the windows open.= He doesn’t like to sleep when the windows are open.注意：在“with+名词/代词+形容词”构成的独立主格结构中,也可用已形容词化的-ing形式或-ed形式.With his son so disappointing,the old man felt unhappy.With his father well-known,the boy didn’t want to study.2.with+名词/代词+副词 The boy was walking,with his father ahead.= The boy was walking and his father was ahead.3.with+名词/代词+介词短语 He stood at the door,with a computer in his hand.= He stood at the door,and a computer was in his hand.4.with+名词/代词+动词过去分词 With his homework done,Peter went out to play.= When his homework was done,Peter went out to play.5.with+名词/代词+现在分词 The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was.= The girl hid her box and no one knew where it was.Without anyone noticing,he slipped through the window.= When no one was noticing,he slipped through the window.6.with+名词/代词+动词不定式 The little boy looks sad,with so much homework to do.= The little boy looks sad because he has so much homework to do.（二）、With (without) 的复合结构的句法功能：定语和状语 1.There is a magazine with a modern girl on its cover.(定语) 2.He stood in the rain,with his clothes wet.= He stood in the rain,and his clothes were wet.(伴随状语) 3 The kid feels excited with so many places of interest to visit.=The kid feels excited as there are so many places of interest to visit.（原因状语） 4．With the signal given,the train started.= After the signal was given,the train started.（时间状语）