如何掌握非谓语动词关于使用分词、不定时、 动名词等的条件~~详细点最好

如何掌握非谓语动词
关于使用分词、不定时、 动名词等的条件~~详细点最好

一、非谓语动词的种类 非谓语动词有三种类型：1、不定式 (to do sth).2、动名词 (doing).3、分词（现在分doing和过去分词done).二、非谓语动词的形式 不定式Vingpp主动被动主动被动 一般式To doTo be donedoingbeing doneDone完成时to have doneto have been donehaving donehaving been done------------进行式To be doing-----------------------------------------------------否定式not to donot doingnot done三、非谓语动词的功能（充当的句子成分） 主语表语宾语宾补定语状语不定式√√√√√√动名词√√√×√×过去分词×√×√√√现在分词×√×√√√四、非谓语动词作主语: (动名词和不定式)Learning from others is importantPutting on more clothes is not goodTo finish the job quickly is our duty注：1、动名词作主语表示一般的、抽象的或多次性的动作.2、不定时作主语表示一次性的、具体的具有将来意义的动作.3、动名词和不定式作主语可换为it作形式主语的形式.即：It is(was) adj/n doing sth It is no polite talking like that.It is very difficult climbing this mountainIt is(was) adj/n to do sthIt is foolish to do that sort thing.4、It is no use/good/not any use/good/ useless后常用动名词形式.It’s no use waiting here. Let’s go home. 五、非谓语动词作宾语: (不定式和动名词)1、下列动词后只跟动词不定式作宾语.ｗant, demand, wish, hope, would like, agree, promise, decide, choose, plan, pretend, refuse, afford. etc etcHe promised not to tell anyone about it.2、下列动词只跟动名词作宾语suggest, finish, enjoy, practice, miss, keep, avoid, dislike, escape, imagine, etc etc. We consider not doing it now(考虑)Do you mind my opening the windows?3、下列用不定式或动名词作宾语含义不同.forget/ remember/ regret to do sth (表示要作的事情,未完成)forget/remember/regret doing sth (表示已经完成的事情)stop to do sth （表示停下来做另一件事情）stop doing sth (停止在做的事情,表示不再做) go on doing sth （继续做同一件事情）go on to do sth (做完一件事,继续做另一件事)try to do sth （尽量、设法做某事）try doing sth (试着做某事) mean to do sth （打算做某事,相当于 intend to do sth ） mean doing sth （意味着做某事）can’t help to do sth （表示不能帮助做某事）can’t help doing sth (情不自禁地做事） need/ want/ require 4、动名词复合结构 动名词复合结构的构成物主代词（my/ your）+ doing 人称代词宾格 (me/ him)+ ving名词所有格 （tom’s）+ ving 名词普通格 （Tom ）+ ving1、动名词的复合结构可在句子作主语和宾语2、作主语时必须用物主代词或名词所有格 + ving His losing the game made us very disappointedWould you mind my (one) opening the window?六、非谓语动词作表语:to do、 doing、done均可,但含义不同.1、动名词作表语表示动作的名词意义. 2、、不定式作表语表示预测要发生的动作或可能要发生的具体动作.3、分词作表语具有的形容词的特征,多表明主语的特征性质或者状态等,可被very, quite, rather等副词修饰.现在分词多含有“令人…”之意,说明主语的性质特征,多表示主动,主语多为物；过去分词一般表示被动或主语所处的状态,含有“感到…”之意,主语多是人,主语为物时.已存在的状态.即：人+系+Ved 使人如何 物+系+ving 令人如何物+系+ved 已存在的状态For example:All you have to do is to finish the job on timeThe nurse’s job is looking after the patient.注：动名词或不定式作表语可与主语互换.Looking after the patient is the nurse’s job相换 The glass is broken 七、非谓语动词作宾语补足语的区别：宾语与宾补的关系宾补的动作情况选用形式主谓进行doing动宾正在被进行being done主谓动作全过程to do动宾动作被完成done主谓已完成的状态Vi的过去分词 I saw some boys playing basketball on the playground.When we entered the zoo, we saw a baby lion being fed with some meat.Please help me carry the box. He found the leaves falling(完成)from the trees.I have never seen a word used that way before. 2、不定式作宾补省to的情况：⑴感feel⑵听hear、listen to⑶让let have make ⑷看see watch notice look at等后宾补不带to,变为被动语态时家to.I like to listen to the birds sing when I get up early in the morning.We saw the children run down the street.Don’t make the children do such heavy work.注：1、get sb to do sth I got Mary to heard me some money.2、have sb/+to do/doing/done get sb+to do/doing/done3、不定式在介词but后省to的情况①介词but前有行为动词do时②can’t choose but和can’t help but时We would do nothing but waitWe need nothing to do but wait八、非谓语动词定语的情况1、动名词作定语通常指被修饰词的用途,无逻辑上的任何关系.sleeping car; swimming poor; walking sticking ect ect .2、分词或分词短语作定语表示所修饰的词的动：若与被修饰词之间是主谓关系,表示动作与谓语动作同时发生,用现在分词；若与被修饰词之间是被动关系,表示动作发生在谓语动作之前时,用过去分词,分词短语作定语相当于一个定语从句.不及物动词的过去分词只表示完成意义.China is a developing country (= which is developing )She put her sleeping baby (=who was sleeping ) in the basket under the tree.I like the girl sitting on the right. ( = who is sitting on the right ).Tom always read a book written by Luxun. (= which was written by Luxun ).The first textbooks written for teaching English as a foreign language (which was written for teaching English as a foreign language ) came out in the 16th century.fallen leaves.4、不定式作定语与被修饰词往往有动宾关系,一般式表示将来,进行式表示与谓语动作同时发生,完成式表示在谓语动词之前发生,被动式表示将来一个被动的动作,要注意以下几种情况.① 不及物动词的不定式作定语要与介词连用.The browns have a comfortable house to live in. There is nothing to worry about.② 由序数词（first, second, last, next）、 only和形容词最高级修饰的名词后用不定式作定语.He is only the man ( person ) to know the truth.He is the best man to do this job.Betty was the first girl to come here.③ 在there be + n 和 have (has ) sth 结构中可以用不定式的主动形式或被动形式左定语.There are a lot of work to do (to be done) this morning.Do you have anything to send ( to be sent ) today?Compare:The meeting to be held tomorrow is important. being held now held yesterday九、非谓语动词作状语的情况（不定式和分词）1、不定式作状语可表示目的,原因,结果或条件,其逻辑主语必须是句子的主语（即主谓一致）.① 不定式作目的状语的三种形式.to do sth、in order to do sth和 so as to do sth (不能用于句首).To see distant objects clearly, many people have to wear glasses.He worked hard so as to pass the exam.② 不定式作结果状语的常见形式. so +adj /adv +to do sth 或 such + adj+ n to do sth ( 如此……以致 ) enough + n to do sth 或 n + adj/adv = enough to do sth （ 足以作…..） too + adj /adv + to do sth （ 太……不能 ） only to do sht ( 表示意外的结果 )He is not so stupid (= such a fool ) as to such thing.The boy is old enough to go to school.He went to the seaside only to be drowned . ③ 不定式作原因状语表示心理或动作发生的原因.They jumped with joy to hear the news.The children felt happy to be with their parents.④ as if 和as though 与不定式连用作方式状语.He raised his hand as if to take off his hat.⑤ 不定式作状语修饰表语或宾补形容词时用主动形式.They thought you were willing to tell the truth.English is not so difficult to learn.2、分词作状语表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式和伴随等状语,其逻辑主语必须是句子的主语.分词短语作状语相当于状语从句,可以和引导状语从句的连用; 分词作状语与句子的主语有逻辑主谓关系; 现在分词与句子主语为主动关系（主谓关系）,若分词的动作发生在谓语动词之前,则用现在分词的完成式； 过去分词与句子的主语为被动关系（动宾关系）.Rushing out of the room, he has been knocked down by a car.Being so poor in those days, we couldn’t afford to send the children to school.If working hard, you will pass the exam.The road is under construction, thus causing the delay.Her husband died in 1979, leaving her with 5 children.Even if taking a taxi, I will be late for the meeting. Having won the championship, he was awarded a million dollars.Moved by what he said, we couldn’t help crying.Armed with knives, the peasants rushed into the landlord’s house.Given more time, we could do the work better.Compare:Seeing the earth from space, we find the earth looks blue.Seen from space, the earth looks blue. 注：1.下列特殊分词作状语时不受句子主语限制相当于一个介词或连词.（1） judging from (by) 由……判断,根据……观察（2） regarding= on the subject of 有关、关于、至于 （as to）（3） considering 考虑到,就……而言（4） compared to/with 与……相比（5） supposing 假设2.独立结构作状语 ( 若句子主语与分词的逻辑主语不一致时,可用独立结构或状语从句作状语)独立结构的构成： A n / pron +doing sth ( 名词 / 代词与分词为主动关系、动作在进行) B n / pron +done sth ( 名词 / 代词与分词为被动关系、动作已完成) C n / pron + to do sth ( 名词 / 代词与不定式为主动关系、动作未发生)D n / pron + to be done ( 名词 / 代词与不定式为被动关系、动作未发生)Weather permitting, we’ll go sightseeing.It being Sunday, we went climbing.Home work finished, the boy went out to play football.The exam to be held tomorrow, I can’t go to the cinema tonight.