英语翻译Management information systems Transformation of data in

英语翻译
Management information systems
Transformation of data into information has different meanings at different levels of an organization.J.W.Marriott,Jr.,the chief executive officer of the Marriott Corporation,once recalled,"I asked for some information on a specific problem,and in response [some subordinates] brought in a computer run out several inches high.I threw them out of the office.I said,you're not running a business when you bring in something like that.You're not contributing.
a management information system(MIS) is a collection of tools that provides information to a manager to facilitate that person's decision-making processes.Specifically,an MIS should help a manager either make a better decision or make a decision more easily than he or she would have otherwise.
Types of MIS
We have already seen that an information system may be either manual or computerized,informal or formal.Historically,well-defined reports produced on a regular basis have characterized the formal MIS.They still play an important role in it today.Such reports must be both accurate and timely if managers are to use the information properly to assist in their decision making.If the information is too old,managers either cannot or should not use it.That is why an MIS today must not only produce the regular reports it has always been expected to generate but must also respond quickly to unscheduled requests for information.A modern MIS answers "what ifs "rapidly on a CRT or else produces a printed report.The format of the MIS response is up to the manager who asks for it.For example,a sales manager might use a computer terminal to determine the projected or actual annual sales for the products sold in each of the regions under his or her direction

管理信息系统
把数据变成信息在一个机构的不同层面上有不同的意义.Marriot公司的首席执行官,J W Marriott曾经讲到,“我要求就一个指定的问题提供一些信息,得到的回复是[下属]带来了电脑输出的足有几英寸厚的资料,我把它们扔出了办公室.我说,你们带来这些东西根本就不是在做事,你们什么都没做.”
一个管理信息系统（MIS)是一种收集工具,它提供给管理者信息协助他完成决策过程.特别的,一个管理信息系统能够帮助管理者做出一个较好的决定,或者使他或者她较其他情况下更容易地做出决定.
管理信息系统的种类
我们已经看到一个信息系统可能是手工的或电脑化的,正规或非正规的.从历史上讲,完善的报告产生的规范基础就是正规的管理信息系统的特征.今天它们仍然起着很重要的作用.这些报告必须准确和及时,帮助管理者在做出决定时恰当地使用它们.如果信息太陈旧,管理者就不能或者不可以使用它.这也就是为什么今天的管理信息系统必须不仅提供所希望得到的常规报告,又要对非计划中需要的信息做出及时的反应.一个现代的管理信息系统可以从电脑显示屏上迅速回答 “什么是,如果,”或者就是生产打印报告.管理信息系统回应的模式是基于管理者的要求,例如,一位销售经理使用电脑终端决定某种产品在他管辖下的某一地区的预期或实际年销售,（未完）