谁能讲讲include & included &including的区别和用法以及释义时的区别

谁能讲讲include & included &including的区别和用法以及释义时的区别

include
[in5 klu:d]
vt.
包括, 包含
include
in.clude
AHD:[¹n-kl›d“]
D.J.[in6klu8d]
K.K.[!n6klud]
v.tr.（及物动词）
in.clud.ed, in.clud.ing, in.cludes
To take in as a part, an element, or a member.
包括：作为一部分、成分或成员而包括
To contain as a secondary or subordinate element.
含有：作为次要的、附属的成分而包含
To consider with or place into a group, class, or total:
放入,算进去：纳入或包括进一个组织、阶层或整体：
thanked the host for including us.
多谢主人把我们也算了进来
Middle English includen
中古英语 includen
from Latin incl¿e [to enclose]
源自 拉丁语 incl¿e [关闭,封闭]
in- [in] * see in- 2
in- [入,进入] *参见 in-2
claudere [to close]
claudere [关闭]
includ“able 或
includ“ible
adj.（形容词）
include, comprise, comprehend, embrace, involve
These verbs mean to take in or contain as part of something larger.
这些动词都有把某事物包括进另一些大的事物,使之成为其一部分的意思.
Include and comprise both take as their objects things or persons that are constituent parts.
Include 和comprise 均指把人或事物包括进去并成为其组成的部分.
Comprise usually implies that all of the components are stated:
Comprise 通常指所有的成分都是固定的：
The book comprises (that is, consists of or is composed of) 15 chapters.
这本书有（意思是由…组成） 15章.
Include, like the remaining terms, more often implies an incomplete listing:
Include 和其余的几个词语一样,更多是指不完全的纳入：
included a reference to the accompanist in the review of the concert;
在对这台音乐会的评论中提到了伴奏；
will include an amount for postage in my payment.
我的付款将包含邮费.
“Through the process of amendment, interpretation and court decision I have finally been included in ‘We, the people’” (Barbara C. Jordan).
“经过修正、阐述,最终经法庭判定,我的名字终于被收入了《我们,人民》这本书中 （巴巴拉·C·乔丹）.
Comprehend and embrace usually refer to the taking in of subordinate elements as part of something broader:
Comprehend 和embrace 通常指纳入一些附属性的成分：
The study of art comprehends both aesthetic and intellectual considerations.
艺术学习中既包括美学,又包括知识的学习.
No single theory can embrace and explain every facet of human behavior.
没有一种理论能包括并阐释人类行为的每个方面.
Involve usually suggests inclusion as a logical consequence or necessary condition:
Involve 通常作为一种逻辑推理的结果或必需条件而被包括进去：
“Every argument involves some assumptions” (Brooke F. Westcott).
“任何争论都牵涉到某些假定” （布鲁克·F·威斯克特）.
Some writers have insisted that include be used only when it is followed by a partial list of the contents of the referent of the subject. On this account, one may write New England includes Connecticut and Rhode Island, but one must use comprise or consist of when a full enumeration is provided:
有些作者坚持认为include 只包括一个中心内容的部分组成. 根据这个观点,我们可以这样写新英格兰包括康涅狄格和罗德岛, 但我们必须用comprise 和 consist of 来表示全部组成部分已被列出：
New England comprises (not includes ) Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine.
新英格兰包括（不是 includes ) 康涅狄格州,罗德岛州,马萨诸塞州,佛蒙特州,新罕布什尔州和缅因州.
This restriction is too strong. Include does not rule out the possibility of a complete listing. Thus the sentence The bibliography should include all the journal articles you have used does not entail that the bibliography must contain something other than journal articles, though it does leave that possibility open. When one wants to make clear that the listing is exhaustive, however, the use of comprise or consist of will avoid ambiguity. Thus the sentence The task force includes all of the Navy units on active duty in the region allows for the possibility that Marine and Army units are also taking part, where the same sentence with comprise would entail that the task force contained only Navy forces. See Usage Note at comprise
这限制太严格了.Include 也可能指全部组成部分均已列出. 据此,尽管下面这句话参考文献应包括你所引用的所有的新闻文章 并不意味着必须含有除新闻文章以外的东西, 但是的确有这种可能性.所以,如果想要表明包括的内容是全部的,使用comprise 和 consist of 就可避免混淆. 如此下面这句话特遣部队包括所有在该地区活动执勤的海军部队 就带有海军陆战队和陆军部队也参加的可能性, 而同样的句子如果用comprise 就表示任务小组必须只由海军部队组成 参见 comprise
include
[In5klu:d]
vt.
included, including
包括；包含
Price $14.90, postage included.
价格14.90美元,邮资包括在内.
He had included a large number of funny stories in the speech.
他在讲话中加进了许多引人发笑的故事.
The United kingdom includes Northern Ireland and Wales.
联合王国包括北爱尔兰和威尔士.
include
[in5 klu:d]
vt.
包住, 关住
包含, 包括
算[计]入
The price includes postage charges.
价格包括邮费在内.
I include eggs on the list of things to buy.
我在要买的货单上包括了鸡蛋.
The university includes ten colleges.
该大学有10个学院.
include comprise comprehend embrace involve
都含“包括”、 “包含”的意思.
include强调“包括作为整体的一部分”, 如:
The list included his name.
这个名单上包括他的名字.
comprise指“由许多部分组成”, 或“由许多部分构成一个整体”, 如:
Our curriculum comprises Politics, Chinese, English and History.
我们的课程共有四门:政治、汉语、英语、历史.
comprehend系正式用语,指“包括在某一范围内”, 一般用于观念陈述、纲要等, 如:
The word “beauty” comprehends various concepts.
“美”这个词包括许多概念.
embrace侧重“所包括、包含的种类多”, 如:
Natural science embraces many subjects.
自然科学包括许多学科.
involve指“由于同主要的有联系而必须含有”, 如:
Housekeeping involves cooking, washing and cleaning.
家务包括烹饪、洗衣和清扫等.
exclude
include
中古英语includen