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英语的名词不规则变化

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英语的名词不规则变化
英语的名词不规则变化
英语名词单数变复数主要有以下规则:
一、绝大多数的可数名词的复数形式,是在该词末尾加上后辍-s.
读音变化:结尾是清辅音读[s],结尾是浊辅音或元音读[z].
例:friend→friends; cat→cats; style→styles; sport→sports; piece→pieces
二、凡是以s、z、x、ch、sh结尾的词,在该词末尾加上后辍-es构成复数.
读音变化:统一加读[iz].
例:bus→buses; quiz→quizzes; fox→foxes; match→matches; flash→flashes box →boxes; watch →watches; actress →actresses; class →classes; coach(长途车) →coaches; dress →dresses; sandwich →sandwiches; toothbrush →toothbrushes; waitress(女侍者) →waitresses
三、以辅音字母+y结尾的名词,将y改变为i,再加-es.
读音变化:加读[z].
例:candy→candies; daisy(雏菊)→daisies; fairy→fairies; lady→ladies; story→stories
strawberry →strawberries; baby →babies; puppy →puppies; library →libraries; dictionary →dictionaries; cherry →cherries; activity →activities
四、以-o结尾的名词,如果不是外来词或缩写,就加-es,否则加-s构成复数. (有生命的加es,无生命的加s)
读音变化:加读[z].
例:tomato→tomatoes; potato→potatoes; torpedo(鱼雷)→torpedoes; bingo(彩票式游戏)→bingoes
反例:silo(青贮塔)→silos; piano→pianos(外来词); photo→photos; macro(宏指令,计机算语言)→macros(缩写词)
五、以-f或-fe结尾的名词,多为将-f或-fe改变为-ves,但有例外.
读音变化:尾音[f]改读[vz].
例:knife→knives; life→lives; leaf→leaves; staff(员工)→staves; scarf(围巾)→scarves
目前搜集的直接加s:roof-roofs, belief-beliefs,gulf(海湾)-gulfs, serf(农奴)-serfs, safe-safes,chief(负责人)-chiefs
这几个可变可不变: scarf-scarfs,handkerchief- handkerchiefs
六、以-us结尾的名词(多为外来词),通常将-us改变为-i构成复数.
读音变化:尾音[Es]改读[ai],其中[kEs]要改读为[sai],[gEs]要改读为[dVai].
例:fungus(真菌)→fungi; abacus(算盘)→abaci; focus(焦点)→foci; cactus(仙人掌)→cacti; cestus(拳击用的牛皮手套)→cesti
七、以-is结尾的名词,通常将-is改变为-es.
读音变化:尾音[is]改读[i:z].
例:axis(轴线)→axes; basis→bases; naris(鼻孔)→nares; hypothesis(假设)→hypotheses; restis(索状体)→restes
八、以-ix结尾的名词,通常将-ix改变为-ices,但有例外.
读音变化:尾音[iks]改读[isi:z].
例:matrix(矩阵)→matrices; directrix(准线)→directrices; calix(杯状窝,盏)→calices; appendix(阑尾)→appendices 反例:affix(粘住,使固定)→affixes
九、以-um结尾的名词,将-um改变为-a.
读音变化:去掉鼻尾音[m].
例:forum(论坛)→fora; stadium(体育场)→stadia; aquarium(水族鱼缸)→aquaria; datum(数据)→data; vacuum(真空,空虚)→vacua
十、以-a结尾的名词,在该词末尾加上后辍-e.
读音变化:尾音[E]改读[i:].
例:larva(昆虫的幼虫)→larvae; formula(公式)→formulae; ala(翼)→alae; media(媒介)→mediae; hydra(九头蛇,水螅)→hydrae
十一、部分单词的复数形式不变.
读音变化:保持原音.
例:fish→fish; sheep→sheep; cattle→cattle; deer→deer; salmon(蛙、三文鱼、大马哈)→salmon cannon →cannon; trout →trout(鳟鱼)
十二、极少数单词,其复数形式没有任何规律.
读音变化:没有规律.
例:man→men; woman→women; child→children; person→people; ox→oxen foot →feet; goose →geese; mouse →mice; tooth →teeth; datum →data数据
十三、一些单数词得加en才能变成复数词:
例:ox→oxen; child→children; brother(用于教堂)→brethren
十四、一些单数词得改头换面一番,才能变成复数词
例:analysis→analyses分析; basis→bases基础; datum→data数据; foot→feet;
formula公式→formulae/formulas; goose→geese; louse虱子→lice; man→men
mouse→mice; medium→media/mediums媒介; emorandum→memoranda/memorandums备忘录; parenthesis→parentheses 圆括号; phenomenon→phenomena现象; radius→radii 半径 tooth→teeth; woman→women
十五、有些名词是单数、复数不分的
例:deer; fish; cannon(大炮); sheep; salmon 鲑鱼; trout 鳟鱼
十六、一些名词虽分单数、复数,但出现次数多的总是单数词
例:absence; clothing;film; help; furniture家具; machinery机械; news; scenery风景; sugar; traffic交通
十七、另一些名词则以复数词出现的机会较多
例:bellows风箱; clothes; police; shorts短裤; scissors剪刀; spectacles眼镜; shears大剪刀 trousers长裤; wages工资
十八、compound nouns,这类复数词是以主要的名词来表示
例:daughter-in-law→daughters-in-law 媳妇; father-in-law→fathers-in-law岳父
man-of-war→men-of-war兵舰; maid-servant→maid-servants 女仆tep-son→step-sons晚子; son-in-law→sons-in-law 女婿
十九、若表达具体数目,要借助数量词
例:pair(对,双); suit(套); a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers
二十、另外还有一些名词,其复数形式有时可表示特别意思,
例:goods货物,waters水域,fishes(各种)鱼
二十一、除人民币元、角、分外,美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式.
例:a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters
二十二、合成词单复数变化规则
1)以不可数名词结尾的复合名词无复数形式.例如:homework, newspaper等.
2)以man或woman为前缀的名词变复数时,前后两个名词都变成复数.例如:woman doctor→women doctors, man waiter→men waiters.
3)以“可数名词+介词(短语)”构成的复合名词变复数时,把名词变复数.例如:fath -erinlaw→fathersinlaw.
4)以“动词/过去分词+副词”构成的复合名词变复数时,在词尾加s.例如:grownup→
grownups, standby→standbys.
二十三、集合名词单复数变化
有些名词为单数形式,但做整体概念来看待,称为集合名词或集体名词,如:people police cattle,其谓语动词一般用复数.有些名词为单数形式,做整体概念来看待时,谓语动词用单数.强调整体中具体人或事物时,谓语动词用复数.如:class, family, audience, committee, army.【例句】
  1) The class are doing experiments on heat and light in the lab.
  2) A large class is like a big banquet, which requires a teacher to make full pr eparation and have good performance.
集体名词,以单数形式出现,但实为复数.例如:
people police cattle 等本身就是复数,不能说 a people,a police,a cattle,但可以说a person,a policeman,a head of cattle, the English,the British,the French,the Chinese,the Japanese,the Swiss 等名词,表示国民总称时,作复数用,如The Chinese are industries and brave. 中国人民是勤劳勇敢的