英语翻译according to sociologists,there are several different wa

英语翻译
according to sociologists,there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group in the United States.In the fanfily traditional cultural patterns confer ,) leadership on one or both of the parents.In other cases,such as friendship groups,one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders,although there is no formal process of selection.In larger groups,leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment.Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability,decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any category of "natural leaders." It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common; rather,virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group.Furthermore,although it is commonly supposed that social groups have a single leader,research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals.Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group.Group members look to instrumental leaders to "get things done." Expressive leadership,on the other hand,is leadership that emphasizes the collective well-beings of a social group's members.Expressive leaders are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them.Group members expect expressive leaders to maintain stable relationships within the group and provide support to individual members.

根据社会学家的观点,在美国,有几种不同的方法来使一个人成为被认同的社会团体的领导人.在传统家庭模式下,领导权在父母的一方或双方.在其他情况下,例如在朋友团队中,一个或几个人会逐渐成为领导人,尽管没有正式的选举的过程.在更大的团体里面,领导人通常是通过正式的选举和候选形式产生,尽管领导人经常被想象为不同寻常人的能力,但近几十年的研究发现那些领导人没有一致的证据表明他们是“自然性的领导人”.它表明,没有所有领导人共同的所谓领导资格证据.实际上,如果一个人有资质迎合特定团队的需要都可能被视作领导人.此外,尽管一般假定社会团队有一个领导人,但研究人员认为不同的人格承载有两种不同的领导角色.建设型的领导是那种腔调社会团体完成任务型的领导.团体人员把建设型的领导当做“处理问题的”领导人.另一种类型,赋予表达的领导,是那种强调团体成员集体福利的领导.赋予表达型的领导较少关注团队的整体目标,而更加重视给团体成员提供情感上的支持,期望将团队内的紧张和纷争降至最低.团体人员希望赋予表达的领导人保持稳固的成员关系并支持团队内的个体成员.