神马作文网英语完成时的构成及运用谁能告诉我?
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英语完成时的构成及运用谁能告诉我?
请在列举几个例句
请在列举几个例句
现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态,动词一般是延续性的,如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.
过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等.
举例：
I saw this film yesterday.
（强调看的动作发生过了.）
I have seen this film.
（强调对现在的影响,电影的内容已经知道了.）
Why did you get up so early?
（强调起床的动作已发生过了.）
Who hasn\'t handed in his paper?
（强调有卷子,可能为不公平竞争.）
She has returned from Paris.
她已从巴黎回来了.
She returned yesterday.
她是昨天回来了.
He has been in the League for three years.
(在团内的状态可延续)
He has been a League member for three years.
(是团员的状态可持续)
He joined the League three years ago.
( 三年前入团,joined为短暂行为.)
I have finished my homework now.
---Will somebody go and get Dr. White?
---He\'s already been sent for.
句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如 yesterday, last, week, in 1960）时,不能使用现在完成时,要用过去时.
（错）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.
（对）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.
—I came back last week．
—Has your term started yet?
—Yes,it started on Monday．
—我以为你还在休假.你是什么时候回来的?
—我是上周回来的.
—学校开学了吗?
—是的,是星期一开学的.
B 注意：关于过去的动作的对话常常用现在完成时的问答开始,但是通常会以一般过去时继续下去,即使没有指明时间.这是因为在开头一句中提到的动作这时在说话人的脑子里已经确定了：
—Where have you been?
—I’ve been to the cinema．
—What did you see?／What was the film?
—（I saw）‘ Amadeus’．
—Did you like it?
—你去哪儿了?
—我看电影去了.
—看的什么电影?／电影的内容是什么?
—《莫扎特传》.
—你喜欢这电影吗?
Husband：Where have you been?
丈夫：你去哪儿了?
Wife：I’ve been at the sales．
妻子：商店大减价,我去买东西去了.
Husband：What have you bought?／What did you buy?丈夫：你买了什么东西?
Wife：I have bought／I bought you some yellow pyjamas．
妻子：我给你买了一套黄色的睡衣睡裤.
Husband：Why did you buy yellow?I hate yellow．
丈夫：你为什么买黄色的?我讨厌黄颜色.
C 现在完成时常常用于报纸和广播中,用于开头,说起某项活动,接着就用一般过去时进行描述.事情发生的时间常常在第二句里点出来：
Thirty thousand pounds’worth of jewellery has been stolen from Jonathan Wild and,Company,the jewellers．The thieves broke into the flat above some time during Sunday night and entered the shop by cutting a hole in the ceiling．
珠宝商店乔纳森·威尔德公司价值三万英镑的珠宝被盗.窃贼约在星期日夜间某时潜入楼上的一套房子,然后在商店的天花板上挖洞进入商店.
即使未指明动作的时间,在第二句里也通常用一般过去时：
Two prisoners have escaped from Dartmoor．They used a ladder which had been left behind by some workmen,climbed a twenty-foot wall and got away in a stolen car．
两个囚犯从达特姆尔监狱逃走.他们用了工人丢下的梯子,爬上20英尺高的围墙,然后乘偷来的汽车逃走了.
D 现在完成时常用于书信中：
I am sorry I haven’t written before but I’ve been very busy lately as Tom has been away．
很抱歉,在这之前没给你写信.因为汤姆外出了,我最近一直很忙.
We have carefully considered the report which you sent us on 26 April,and have decided to take the following action．
我们已经仔细地考虑了你于4月26日寄来的报告,并已决定采取以下行动.
190 形式
这种时态由动词be的现在完成时形式＋现在分词构成：
肯定式：I have been working,he has been working等
否定式：I have not／haven’t been working等
疑问式：have I been working?等
否定疑问式：have I not／haven’t I been working?等
191 用法
现在完成进行时表示一个过去开始、现仍在继续中的动作
或一个过去开始、现在刚刚结束的动作
I’ve been waiting for an hour and he still hasn’t turned up．
我等了一小时了,可他还没来.
I’m so sorry I’m late．Have you been waiting long?
真对不起,我迟到了.你等了很久了吗?
必请记住,许多动词一般情况下不能用进行时（参见第168节）,但其中有些动词在某些场合可以用进行时（参见第169节至第171节）.因此可以说：
Tom has been seeing about a work permit for you．
汤姆一直在想办法给你弄一个工作许可证.
She has been having a tooth out．
她（刚才）正让医生给她拔牙呢.
I’ve been thinking it over．
我一直在考虑这件事.
I’ve been hearing all about his operation．
我一直在听人讲他动手术的全部情况.
此外,动词want常用于这种时态,wish也可以这样用：
Thank you so much for the binoculars．I’ve been wanting a pair for ages．
我非常感谢你送给我望远镜.我一直想要一副.
现在完成进行时没有被动语态.They have been repairing theroad（他们这一阵一直在修这条路）的最近似的被动形式通常是 The road has been repaired lately（这条路最近修过）.这是现在完成时的被动语态,但是这两个句子并不完全相同.
192 现在完成时的一般式与进行式的比较
A 在表达一个在过去开始而现在仍在继续或刚刚结束的动作时,某些动词既可以用现在完成时,也可以用现在完成进行时.这样的动词有expect,hope,learn,lie,live,look,rain,sleep,sit,snow,stand,stay,study,teach,wait,want,work等：
How long have you learnt English?
你学习英语多久了?
How long have you been learning English?
（译文同上.）
He has slept for ten hours．
他已经睡了十个小时了.
He has been sleeping for ten hours．
（译文同上.）
It has snowed for a long time．
雪下了好长时间了.
It has been snowing for a long time．
（译文同上.）
没有进行式的动词不可能有这样的用法（参见第168节）,即现在完成进行时不能代替以下例句中的现在完成时：
They’ve always had a big garden．
他们一直有一座大花园.
How long have you known that?
你知道这事多久了?
He’s been in hospital since his accident．
他从发生事故之后,一直在医院里.
注意：现在完成进行时可以和时间短语连用,也可以不连用,这一点就有别于现在完成时,因为后者与像for six days,since June,never等一些时间短语连用才能表示这类动作.不用这些时间状语时,现在完成时指的是完成了的一个动作.
B 用现在完成时表示的反复的动作,有时可以作为连续的动作用现在完成进行时表示：
I’ve written six letters since breakfast．
早饭后我已经写了六封信.
I’ve been writing letters since breakfast．
早饭后我一直在写信.
I have knocked five times．I don’t think anyone’s in．
我敲了五次门.我想屋里没有人.
I’ve been knocking．I don’t think anybody’s in．
我一直在敲门.我想屋里没有人.
注意：现在完成进行时表示一种看来似乎是不间断的动作,所以提到做一件事的次数或一共做了多少事情时,不能用现在完成进行时.
C 用现在完成时表达的单一动作和用现在完成进行时表达的动作是有区别的：
（a）I’ve polished the car．
我擦了车.
意指这件事已经结束了.
（b） I’ve been polishing the car．
我在擦车来着.
意指过去一小时我就是这样度过的,而不一定指动作已结束.注意：用现在完成进行时表示单一动作时,这一动作持续到说话的时间或者接近这一时间为止：
He’s been taking photos．
他一直在拍照.（他大概手里正拿着照相机.）
He has taken photos．
他拍过相片.（这件事可能是也可能不是最近发生的.）
193 进一步举例
A：I haven’t seen your brother lately．Has be gone away?
甲：我近来一直没有见到过你的兄弟.他是不是到别的地方去了?
B：Yes,he’s／he has been sent to America．
乙：是的,他被派到美国去了.
A：When did he go?
甲：他什么时候走的?
B：He went last month．
乙：他是上个月走的.
A：Have you had any letters from him?
甲：你收到他的来信了吗?
B：I haven’t,but his wife has been hearing from him regularly．
乙：我没有收到,但他的妻子常收到他的来信.
A：Does she intend to go out and join him?
甲：她想出去跟他团聚吗?
B：They’ve been thinking about it but haven’t quite decided yet．Unfortu－nately they’ve had a lot of expense lately and perhaps haven’t got themoney for her fare．
乙：他们正在考虑这件事,可还没有最后决定.但是不巧得很,最近他们开销很大,也许没有钱给她买票.
Tom：What have you done with my knife?
汤姆：你怎么动我的小刀了?（你把我的小刀放在哪里了?）
Ann：I put it back in your drawer．
安：我把它放回你的抽屉里了.
Tom（taking it out）：But what have you been doing with it?The blade’s alltwisted!Have you been using it to open tins?
汤姆（拿出小刀）：可你用这刀子干什么来着?刃都卷了!你用它开罐头了吧?
A：Do you see those people on that little sandy island?They’ve been wav－ing handkerchiefs for the last half hour．I wonder why．
甲：你看见小沙洲上的那些人了吗?半小时了,他们一直挥舞着手绢.我不知是怎么回事.
B：They need help．The tide’s coming in and very soon that little islandwill be under water．Have you been sitting here calmly and doing noth－ing to help them?
乙：他们需要救援.潮水正在上涨,不一会儿那小岛就要被淹没.你难道一直在这里无动于衷地坐视不救吗?
A：I’ve never been here before．I didn’t know about the tides．
甲：我以前从来没来过这里.我不了解潮水的情况.
194 形式和用法
A 形式
过去完成时由had＋过去分词构成,因此无人称变化：
肯定式：I had／I’d worked等
否定式：I had not／hadn’t worked等
疑问式：had I worked?等
否定疑问式：had I not／hadn’t I worked?等
B 用法
1 过去完成时是与现在完成时相当的过去式.
现在完成时：
Ann has just left．If you hurry you’ll catch her．
安刚刚走.如果你快一点,就能追上她.（参见第183节.）
过去完成时：
When I arrived Ann had just left．
我到的时候,安刚刚离开.
现在完成时：
I’ve lost my case．
我的手提箱丢了.（参见第184节.）
过去完成时：
He had lost his case and had to borrow Tom’s pyjamas．
他的手提箱丢了,不得不去向汤姆借睡衣睡裤.
但是,过去完成时不像现在完成时那样限于表达未指明时间的动作,因此可以说：
He had left his case on the 4∶40 train．
他把手提箱丢在4点40分的火车上了.
2 现在完成时可以和 since／for／always等词连用,表示一个开始于过去并仍在继续或刚刚结束的动作.（参见第186节.）与此同理,过去完成时也可以用来表示在所说的过去某一时刻之前就已开始的动作,这一动作：
（a）在该时刻仍然在继续；或
（b）在该时刻停止或刚刚停止.
但应注意,过去完成时还可以用来表示：
（c）在所说时刻之前某一时候停止的动作.
（a）,（b）,（c）这三种类型的例句分别列举如下：
（a）Bill was in uniform when I met him．He had been a soldier for tenyears／since he was seventeen,and planned to stay in the army till hewas thirty．
我遇到比尔的时候,他身穿军服.那时他已经当了十年兵了／他
从17岁就当兵,并且还计划在军队里呆到30岁.
Ann had lived in a cottage for sixty years／ever since she was born,andhad no wish to move to a tower block．
安在小屋里已经住了60年／安出生以来就一直住在小屋,也不想搬到塔楼去住.（这里也可以用过去完成进行时形式 had beeniiving.）
（b）The old oak tree,which had stood in the churchyard for300 years／since before the church was built,suddenly crashed to the ground．
屹立在教堂墓地上已300百年之久的老橡树／在教堂建造之前就屹立着的老橡树突然间哗啦一声巨响倒在地上.（这里也可以用过去完成进行时形式 had been standing.）
Peter,who had waited for an hour／since ten o’clock,was very angrywith his sister when she eventually turned up．
彼得等了一小时／从10点钟起就等着,他妹妹终于来到时他非常生气.（也可以用had been waiting.）
（c）He had served in the army for ten years；then he retired and married．
His children were now at school．
他在军队里服役十年,后来退伍并结了婚.他的孩子现在已上学了.
这里既不能用since也不能用过去完成进行时.还要注意到,这里的过去完成时没有与之相当的现在完成时.如果把句中最后一个动词变成现在时,其他动词时态都要变成一般过去时.
参考资料：http://edu.xinxing.org/Article/ArticleShow.asp?ArticleID=758&Page=3
过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等.
举例：
I saw this film yesterday.
（强调看的动作发生过了.）
I have seen this film.
（强调对现在的影响,电影的内容已经知道了.）
Why did you get up so early?
（强调起床的动作已发生过了.）
Who hasn\'t handed in his paper?
（强调有卷子,可能为不公平竞争.）
She has returned from Paris.
她已从巴黎回来了.
She returned yesterday.
她是昨天回来了.
He has been in the League for three years.
(在团内的状态可延续)
He has been a League member for three years.
(是团员的状态可持续)
He joined the League three years ago.
( 三年前入团,joined为短暂行为.)
I have finished my homework now.
---Will somebody go and get Dr. White?
---He\'s already been sent for.
句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如 yesterday, last, week, in 1960）时,不能使用现在完成时,要用过去时.
（错）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.
（对）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.
—I came back last week．
—Has your term started yet?
—Yes,it started on Monday．
—我以为你还在休假.你是什么时候回来的?
—我是上周回来的.
—学校开学了吗?
—是的,是星期一开学的.
B 注意：关于过去的动作的对话常常用现在完成时的问答开始,但是通常会以一般过去时继续下去,即使没有指明时间.这是因为在开头一句中提到的动作这时在说话人的脑子里已经确定了：
—Where have you been?
—I’ve been to the cinema．
—What did you see?／What was the film?
—（I saw）‘ Amadeus’．
—Did you like it?
—你去哪儿了?
—我看电影去了.
—看的什么电影?／电影的内容是什么?
—《莫扎特传》.
—你喜欢这电影吗?
Husband：Where have you been?
丈夫：你去哪儿了?
Wife：I’ve been at the sales．
妻子：商店大减价,我去买东西去了.
Husband：What have you bought?／What did you buy?丈夫：你买了什么东西?
Wife：I have bought／I bought you some yellow pyjamas．
妻子：我给你买了一套黄色的睡衣睡裤.
Husband：Why did you buy yellow?I hate yellow．
丈夫：你为什么买黄色的?我讨厌黄颜色.
C 现在完成时常常用于报纸和广播中,用于开头,说起某项活动,接着就用一般过去时进行描述.事情发生的时间常常在第二句里点出来：
Thirty thousand pounds’worth of jewellery has been stolen from Jonathan Wild and,Company,the jewellers．The thieves broke into the flat above some time during Sunday night and entered the shop by cutting a hole in the ceiling．
珠宝商店乔纳森·威尔德公司价值三万英镑的珠宝被盗.窃贼约在星期日夜间某时潜入楼上的一套房子,然后在商店的天花板上挖洞进入商店.
即使未指明动作的时间,在第二句里也通常用一般过去时：
Two prisoners have escaped from Dartmoor．They used a ladder which had been left behind by some workmen,climbed a twenty-foot wall and got away in a stolen car．
两个囚犯从达特姆尔监狱逃走.他们用了工人丢下的梯子,爬上20英尺高的围墙,然后乘偷来的汽车逃走了.
D 现在完成时常用于书信中：
I am sorry I haven’t written before but I’ve been very busy lately as Tom has been away．
很抱歉,在这之前没给你写信.因为汤姆外出了,我最近一直很忙.
We have carefully considered the report which you sent us on 26 April,and have decided to take the following action．
我们已经仔细地考虑了你于4月26日寄来的报告,并已决定采取以下行动.
190 形式
这种时态由动词be的现在完成时形式＋现在分词构成：
肯定式：I have been working,he has been working等
否定式：I have not／haven’t been working等
疑问式：have I been working?等
否定疑问式：have I not／haven’t I been working?等
191 用法
现在完成进行时表示一个过去开始、现仍在继续中的动作
或一个过去开始、现在刚刚结束的动作
I’ve been waiting for an hour and he still hasn’t turned up．
我等了一小时了,可他还没来.
I’m so sorry I’m late．Have you been waiting long?
真对不起,我迟到了.你等了很久了吗?
必请记住,许多动词一般情况下不能用进行时（参见第168节）,但其中有些动词在某些场合可以用进行时（参见第169节至第171节）.因此可以说：
Tom has been seeing about a work permit for you．
汤姆一直在想办法给你弄一个工作许可证.
She has been having a tooth out．
她（刚才）正让医生给她拔牙呢.
I’ve been thinking it over．
我一直在考虑这件事.
I’ve been hearing all about his operation．
我一直在听人讲他动手术的全部情况.
此外,动词want常用于这种时态,wish也可以这样用：
Thank you so much for the binoculars．I’ve been wanting a pair for ages．
我非常感谢你送给我望远镜.我一直想要一副.
现在完成进行时没有被动语态.They have been repairing theroad（他们这一阵一直在修这条路）的最近似的被动形式通常是 The road has been repaired lately（这条路最近修过）.这是现在完成时的被动语态,但是这两个句子并不完全相同.
192 现在完成时的一般式与进行式的比较
A 在表达一个在过去开始而现在仍在继续或刚刚结束的动作时,某些动词既可以用现在完成时,也可以用现在完成进行时.这样的动词有expect,hope,learn,lie,live,look,rain,sleep,sit,snow,stand,stay,study,teach,wait,want,work等：
How long have you learnt English?
你学习英语多久了?
How long have you been learning English?
（译文同上.）
He has slept for ten hours．
他已经睡了十个小时了.
He has been sleeping for ten hours．
（译文同上.）
It has snowed for a long time．
雪下了好长时间了.
It has been snowing for a long time．
（译文同上.）
没有进行式的动词不可能有这样的用法（参见第168节）,即现在完成进行时不能代替以下例句中的现在完成时：
They’ve always had a big garden．
他们一直有一座大花园.
How long have you known that?
你知道这事多久了?
He’s been in hospital since his accident．
他从发生事故之后,一直在医院里.
注意：现在完成进行时可以和时间短语连用,也可以不连用,这一点就有别于现在完成时,因为后者与像for six days,since June,never等一些时间短语连用才能表示这类动作.不用这些时间状语时,现在完成时指的是完成了的一个动作.
B 用现在完成时表示的反复的动作,有时可以作为连续的动作用现在完成进行时表示：
I’ve written six letters since breakfast．
早饭后我已经写了六封信.
I’ve been writing letters since breakfast．
早饭后我一直在写信.
I have knocked five times．I don’t think anyone’s in．
我敲了五次门.我想屋里没有人.
I’ve been knocking．I don’t think anybody’s in．
我一直在敲门.我想屋里没有人.
注意：现在完成进行时表示一种看来似乎是不间断的动作,所以提到做一件事的次数或一共做了多少事情时,不能用现在完成进行时.
C 用现在完成时表达的单一动作和用现在完成进行时表达的动作是有区别的：
（a）I’ve polished the car．
我擦了车.
意指这件事已经结束了.
（b） I’ve been polishing the car．
我在擦车来着.
意指过去一小时我就是这样度过的,而不一定指动作已结束.注意：用现在完成进行时表示单一动作时,这一动作持续到说话的时间或者接近这一时间为止：
He’s been taking photos．
他一直在拍照.（他大概手里正拿着照相机.）
He has taken photos．
他拍过相片.（这件事可能是也可能不是最近发生的.）
193 进一步举例
A：I haven’t seen your brother lately．Has be gone away?
甲：我近来一直没有见到过你的兄弟.他是不是到别的地方去了?
B：Yes,he’s／he has been sent to America．
乙：是的,他被派到美国去了.
A：When did he go?
甲：他什么时候走的?
B：He went last month．
乙：他是上个月走的.
A：Have you had any letters from him?
甲：你收到他的来信了吗?
B：I haven’t,but his wife has been hearing from him regularly．
乙：我没有收到,但他的妻子常收到他的来信.
A：Does she intend to go out and join him?
甲：她想出去跟他团聚吗?
B：They’ve been thinking about it but haven’t quite decided yet．Unfortu－nately they’ve had a lot of expense lately and perhaps haven’t got themoney for her fare．
乙：他们正在考虑这件事,可还没有最后决定.但是不巧得很,最近他们开销很大,也许没有钱给她买票.
Tom：What have you done with my knife?
汤姆：你怎么动我的小刀了?（你把我的小刀放在哪里了?）
Ann：I put it back in your drawer．
安：我把它放回你的抽屉里了.
Tom（taking it out）：But what have you been doing with it?The blade’s alltwisted!Have you been using it to open tins?
汤姆（拿出小刀）：可你用这刀子干什么来着?刃都卷了!你用它开罐头了吧?
A：Do you see those people on that little sandy island?They’ve been wav－ing handkerchiefs for the last half hour．I wonder why．
甲：你看见小沙洲上的那些人了吗?半小时了,他们一直挥舞着手绢.我不知是怎么回事.
B：They need help．The tide’s coming in and very soon that little islandwill be under water．Have you been sitting here calmly and doing noth－ing to help them?
乙：他们需要救援.潮水正在上涨,不一会儿那小岛就要被淹没.你难道一直在这里无动于衷地坐视不救吗?
A：I’ve never been here before．I didn’t know about the tides．
甲：我以前从来没来过这里.我不了解潮水的情况.
194 形式和用法
A 形式
过去完成时由had＋过去分词构成,因此无人称变化：
肯定式：I had／I’d worked等
否定式：I had not／hadn’t worked等
疑问式：had I worked?等
否定疑问式：had I not／hadn’t I worked?等
B 用法
1 过去完成时是与现在完成时相当的过去式.
现在完成时：
Ann has just left．If you hurry you’ll catch her．
安刚刚走.如果你快一点,就能追上她.（参见第183节.）
过去完成时：
When I arrived Ann had just left．
我到的时候,安刚刚离开.
现在完成时：
I’ve lost my case．
我的手提箱丢了.（参见第184节.）
过去完成时：
He had lost his case and had to borrow Tom’s pyjamas．
他的手提箱丢了,不得不去向汤姆借睡衣睡裤.
但是,过去完成时不像现在完成时那样限于表达未指明时间的动作,因此可以说：
He had left his case on the 4∶40 train．
他把手提箱丢在4点40分的火车上了.
2 现在完成时可以和 since／for／always等词连用,表示一个开始于过去并仍在继续或刚刚结束的动作.（参见第186节.）与此同理,过去完成时也可以用来表示在所说的过去某一时刻之前就已开始的动作,这一动作：
（a）在该时刻仍然在继续；或
（b）在该时刻停止或刚刚停止.
但应注意,过去完成时还可以用来表示：
（c）在所说时刻之前某一时候停止的动作.
（a）,（b）,（c）这三种类型的例句分别列举如下：
（a）Bill was in uniform when I met him．He had been a soldier for tenyears／since he was seventeen,and planned to stay in the army till hewas thirty．
我遇到比尔的时候,他身穿军服.那时他已经当了十年兵了／他
从17岁就当兵,并且还计划在军队里呆到30岁.
Ann had lived in a cottage for sixty years／ever since she was born,andhad no wish to move to a tower block．
安在小屋里已经住了60年／安出生以来就一直住在小屋,也不想搬到塔楼去住.（这里也可以用过去完成进行时形式 had beeniiving.）
（b）The old oak tree,which had stood in the churchyard for300 years／since before the church was built,suddenly crashed to the ground．
屹立在教堂墓地上已300百年之久的老橡树／在教堂建造之前就屹立着的老橡树突然间哗啦一声巨响倒在地上.（这里也可以用过去完成进行时形式 had been standing.）
Peter,who had waited for an hour／since ten o’clock,was very angrywith his sister when she eventually turned up．
彼得等了一小时／从10点钟起就等着,他妹妹终于来到时他非常生气.（也可以用had been waiting.）
（c）He had served in the army for ten years；then he retired and married．
His children were now at school．
他在军队里服役十年,后来退伍并结了婚.他的孩子现在已上学了.
这里既不能用since也不能用过去完成进行时.还要注意到,这里的过去完成时没有与之相当的现在完成时.如果把句中最后一个动词变成现在时,其他动词时态都要变成一般过去时.
参考资料：http://edu.xinxing.org/Article/ArticleShow.asp?ArticleID=758&Page=3