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Every language has grammatical processes by which a verb,a v

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Every language has grammatical processes by which a verb,a verb phrase,a
sentence,or a portion of a sentence including the verb can function as a noun
phrase.
我对这种“N,N,N,or N doing something”特别疑惑,这个doing针对的是哪个N还是全部
Every language has grammatical processes by which a verb,a v
此句系由by which引导限制性定语从句
主句为Every language has grammatical processes.
which指代前文(主句,主句为主谓宾结构)的宾语grammatical processes
从句亦为主谓宾式结构,其中主语部分为a verb, a verb phrase, asentence, or a portion of a sentence including the verb,呈并列式
由此推断——including,系单独连接a portion of a sentence including和verb两者,不包括前面,否则说不通

译:各种语言都有很多语法化过程,通过这些(语法化)过程,动词、或(是)动词短语(
或:动词词组)、或单个句子、或包括动词在内的句子某部分可作名词短语(或:动词词组).

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